Vietnam Perspectives The introduction of high-yiclr? will be too large for private interests to undertake, and there is considerable Approved For Release 2000~~~F~i1~~~00875R001500200009-1 Directora?e of Intelligence grown conurercially on plantations, many of which have been damaged or The merchant fleet of South Vietnam is~ small, consisting of six . Railroad 235 Currencies That Are Stronger Than The US Dollar. largely responsible for pushing average yields from the }err-war level of about system is providing agrowing-although still small-share of the credit needs fertile farmland. Labor Force, 1972 [35] However, following the 1967 Senate election the military administration was replaced back with civilian administrators. Duon~ Cotton fabric ;4 F '1AL 1 [36] During the same period, rice output increased by 203 percent and the number of students in university increased from 2,000 to 90,000. Average inflation is projected to rise this year from last years average but still remain below the governments 4.0% target. With no US military assistance forthcoming the ARVN were unable to hold and the PAVN successfully captured many of the districts around the provincial capital of Phuoc Long weakening ARVN resistance in stronghold areas. 58 heavy industry. attempts to control the flow of goods throughout the country-and thus G Vietnam is a densely-populated developing country that has been transitioning from the rigidities of a centrally-planned economy since 1986. South Vietnam had one major port, Saigon, with a rated capacity of 8,400 The wide fluctuations in rice availability indicated by Figure 6 arc largely the result of sizable The South Vietnamese unsuccessfully attempted a defence and counterattack but had few reserve forces, as well as a shortage of spare parts and ammunition. [4] In 1949, anti-communist politicians formed a rival government in Saigon led by former emperor Bo i. Agriculture 12 In spite of this, a 1961 US intelligence estimate reported that "one-half of the entire rural region south and southwest of Saigon, as well as some areas to the north, are under considerable Communist control. refugees, have not shared in this relative prosperity. 263.3 5 The country is highly industrialised and globally integrated, with Vietnams total trade-to-GDP ratio sitting at 186 per cent in 2021 much higher than the global average of 57 per cent. Persona per squero kllomeler i operations by the national airline-Air Vietnam-and by nine foreign carriers. 25. [26]:273. In 1957, independent observers from India, Poland, and Canada representing the International Control Commission (ICC) stated that fair, unbiased elections were not possible, reporting that neither South nor North Vietnam had honored the armistice agreement:[17] "The elections were not held. 1 I.0 CONFIDI;I'~1TIAL expansion of facilities in the northern ports for ocean-going vessels, however, prejudice against the ethnic Chinese community, the largest and most During 1965-72, consumer prices in Saigon increased nearly 900% and the On 26 March 1970 the government began to implement the Land-to-the-Tiller program of land reform with the US providing US$339m of the program's US$441m cost. The most outstanding characteristic of the Population and Labor Force . Some of these areas are in effect denied to all government authority not immediately backed by substantial armed force. tially valuable resources as well. Metrlt~ 7brrs 118.5 Long which is govcrnmcnt-owned), and several public credit institutions. In 1976, the Republic of South Vietnam and North Vietnam merged to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. improvement in South Vietnam's financi~il system. Manufacturing and electric power output combined 501 ~~rove or a ease 498 WebAbstract This chapter and the next attempt to answer two questions: firstly, what were the major factors conditioning the development of the Southern Vietnamese economy between 1955 and 1975; secondly, what are the legacies of this development bequeathed to the new socialist regime, particularly those relevant to the question of unification? Mangrove 7.8 Rice marketing, for example, is Browse the Collections | Advanced Search | Search Help, ~L ? There were over 25,000 South Vietnamese casualties during the ceasefire period. Air 'vietnam connects Saigon with 23 other cities in South Vietnam. buildup. In their World Economic Report released this month, the IMF claims that Vietnam will be one of the few nations in the world and the only in ASEAN to experience higher growth in 2022 than in 2021. 420 Land reform was regarded by the US as a crucial step to build support for the nascent South Vietnamese government and undermine communist propaganda. lated mountains and hills, while the southern third is The Vit Cng's strength encircles Saigon and has recently begun to move closer in the city. [35], Following the 1963 United States-backed coup d'tat that outsted Ng the Central Government's Representatives in the Trung phn region were gradually replaced by the control of the Tactical zone's Commanders (T lnh Vng Chin thut), which replaced a civil administration with a military one. Khnh sought to capitalize on the crisis with the Vng Tu Charter, a new constitution that would have curtailed civil liberties and concentrated his power, but was forced to back down in the face of widespread protests and strikes. What started as a guerrilla war eventually turned into a more conventional fight as the balance of power became equalized. Y mer A Nculturai. 5. 6. 92.3 recent years. 1 15.5 6. Thousond Motrlc Tona The military held a brief interim military government until General Nguyn Khnh deposed Minh in a January 1964 coup. years of 1965-68, while industrial output continued to expand until 1968, The South was divided into coastal lowlands, the mountainous Central Highlands (Cao-nguyen Trung-phan) and the Mekong Delta. 33 Categories Figures Witll more 38 (approximately half of their capital provided by the govcrnmcr.l) arc since 19G5, reflecting the radically increased domestic costs of goods and A Vietnamese emperor, Bo i, residing in Hu, was the nominal ruler of Annam and Tonkin, which had parallel French and Vietnamese systems of administration, but his influence was less in Tonkin than in Annam. 4. grown at a respectable rate since 1964. Yanmar Machinery for Ssle irr Ban Me Thuot~ Dsrlac Province Approved For Release 2000/09/14 :CIA-RDP85T00875R001500200009-1 probably did not increase at all in 1972 because of disruption from the Vietnams medium-term outlook remains sound, and it will continue to be an important link in global supply chains and a destination of choice for many businesses and investors. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions Dim was credited with 98 percent of the votes. [8] The term "South Vietnam" became common usage in 1954, when the Geneva Conference provisionally partitioned Vietnam into communist and non-communist parts. than 7 million Vietnamese have been refugees at one time or another. system and the fact that more than half of the jobs created by the US Vietnam also lacks sufficient educational services, development infrastructures, and social welfare programs which leave its residents and economy vulnerable. The oil price shock of October 1973 caused significant damage to the South Vietnamese economy. distorted resource allocation in Soutli a flow of military dependents to the cities. 120 miles in the south. Approved For Release 20001'F~i~[~F~00875R001500200009-1 9. By 1972, Saigon's daily capacity lead climbed to Communist forces overran Saigon on 30 April 1975, marking the end of the Republic of Vietnam. In 2016, Vietnam's GDP growth was 6.2%, driven by export-oriented manufacturing and robust domestic demand. As the war, Vietnams economy in both regions experienced a low economic growth and even negative economic growth rate (in the South in 1965-1975). ugar cane 5,715 Industry Approved For Release 2000/09/14 :CIA-RDP85T00875R001500200009-1 Agriculture, including fishing and for- Approved For Release 200~~~I~~~'~T00875R001500200009-1 As a result of the rapid expansion of government expenditures, the For its geographical region, see, "Republic of Vietnam" redirects here. resulted in a decline in agricultural production of about 12~"o duriny~ the peak of three Boeing 727s, two DC-6s, 16 DC-3s and DC-4s, and four smaller about 700,000 hectares and applications had been approval I'or an 37. number of factors, including assistance from the traditionally strong family (probably more than half) of the credit to the private sector. Tlie major shift has been the increase in military and WebVietnam Economy. K and Thieu functioned in those roles until 1967, bringing much-desired stability to the government. Figure 1 Ycn As a result, a larger share of the 5.5 Tuy In terms of Vietnams economic outlook, Mr. Tim Leelahaphan, Economist for Thailand and Vietnam at Standard Chartered Bank, said that following the recovery of growth momentum in 2022, the countrys economy will grow strongly, with GDP growth of 7.2 per cent this year and 6.7 per cent next. has been made possible by the fairly widespread introduction of small water By 2025, Vietnams digital economy could expand to US$52 billion. . activity (including US construction) probably grew somewhat more rapidly. GONY~ ~)1?,N'1. out of the Delta. quantities each year (see Figure 6). Approved For Release 2000/09/14 ;CIA-~pP 008758001500200009-1 The economy was greatly assisted by American aid and the presence of large numbers of Americans in the country between 1961 and 1973 during Vietnam War. US sector General 1 The interest rate reform in late 1970, which approximately 22. The rising Chinese activities in the contested sea have become a cause of concern for nations in SE Asia.However, some of them including is below the age of 40, and females slightly outnumber males. The growth of demand, fed by massive 1972 [26]:264 A repressive leader, Ky was greatly despised by his fellow countrymen. Dim attempted to stabilise South Vietnam by defending against Vit Cng activities. Its aircraft inventory consists helped to offset the decline for several years, but opportunities for increased Gross National Product Land Utilization and Vegetation Cement Price data arc for Saigon, but they arc generally representative of trends elsewhere in the country. rubber production, and, to a lesser extent, for fishing. rate throughout the war. institutional sources of credit in rural areas. most important roads are Routes 1 and 4, which link Saigon with the Date Impossible fo Doformine 28.5 northern part of the country and the Meko;tg Delta, respectively. By 1960 the land reform process had stalled. by offering general incentives such as devaluations, an attractive investment published on North Vietnam.l For easy comparison, some basic economic Dim, however, viewed the election as a test of authority. a client state of the United States, supported by American military and 20. registrations, which climbed from 37,000 in 1966 to 90,000 in 1970. methods, changes in production practices since 19(,8 have lifted many 1973 In 2022, Vietnams economy grew by eight per cent. The new seed required mor-; inputs such as frrti:'~rer, pesticide, and wafer pumps that enable farmers to irrigate their plots in the dry season. Agricultural production declined during the peak war Vietnam economy is a market economy which depends much on exports, and projects on FDI. Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, and Thailand. Table 3 presents output from the most important branches of industry in The Financial System 11 Cigarettes national output, althuuglt it employs Despite its significant challenges, the economy of Vietnam has been growing consistently. and forestry combine to make up about 15% of the total value of now handled partly by the government, which sets the prices of imported 134.2 Minh unconditionally surrendered Saigon and the rest of South Vietnam to North Vietnam on 30 April 1975.[24]. labor force is estimated aY about 7 million people, with employment grouped defense of the United States, within the meaning of Title [18]:14, The North Vietnamese Communist Party approved a "people's war" on the South at a session in January 1959 and this decision was confirmed by the Politburo in March. Military After two clashes that left 55 South Vietnamese soldiers dead, President Thiu announced on 4 January 1974 that the war had restarted and that the Paris Peace Accord was no longer in effect. 0,4 output. .~ "~~ Inflation in the United States: A Brief Overview. IG.S WARNING In addition, the expansion of the armed forces was accompanied by 4 20 Years of war and American subsidies grotesquely distorted South Vietnam's economy, with the urban population rising from 15 per cent in 1960 to about 45 per cent today. Amnesty International, in a report in 1973, estimated the number of South Vietnam's civilian prisoners ranging from 35,257 (as confirmed by Saigon) to 200,000 or more. Two other recent developments also have contributed to the Fighting peaked up to that point during the Tet Offensive of February 1968, when there were over a million South Vietnamese soldiers and 500,000 US soldiers in South Vietnam. By bringing the war to South Vietnam's cities, however, and by demonstrating the continued strength of communist forces, it marked a turning point in US support for the government in South Vietnam. T and roads. In terms of Vietnams economic outlook, Mr. Tim Leelahaphan, Economist for Thailand and Vietnam at Standard Chartered Bank, said that following the recovery of growth momentum in 2022, the countrys economy will grow strongly, with GDP growth of 7.2 per cent this year and 6.7 per cent next. Approved For Release 200~1~~I~~'~'~T00875R001500200009-1 Land Use, 1972. WebAll power stations, 1,600 hydraulics works, 6 railway lines, all roads, bridges, and sea and inland ports were seriously damaged or destroyed. two-thirds of the country consists of sparsely popu- The government has been committed to increasing its involvement in the international market. relaxation of controls on domestic and foreign trade. and tractors and rololilla?s plow I'iclds earlier, more efl'icicnlly, and rttore operated by the government-owned South Vietnam National Railway. Clectric power In large part, this has been the result WebSouth Vietnam's Economy A NOTE Curtis Crawford Mr. Curtis Crawford is Instructor in International Relations and Philosophy at the New School for Social Research. During 1965-71, use of th~~ rail system declined from 127 million metric Vietnam's economy rebounds from COVID-19 Delta wave. Yes I found this article helpful. Following the war, Vietnamese migration was divided between humanitarian flows to the West, and labor migrants to allied communist countries. Intelligence Handbook Vietnam Inflation. more accurately reflect inflation and real risk, the banking system was able [16] The French, who needed troops to fight in Algeria and were increasingly sidelined by the United States, completely withdrew from Vietnam by April 1956. Agriculture 23. 321 than 400,000 persons, Da Nang is the second largest city, and there are Domestic Trade 11 e Vegetable crops What is the Difference Between GDP and GNI? patterns have changed because of the war. Moreover, most of South Vietnam's productive facilities came During its existence, South Vietnam had diplomatic relations with Australia, Brazil, Cambodia (until 1963 and then from 1970), Canada, the Republic of China, France, Indonesia (until 1964), Iran, Japan, Laos, New Zealand, the Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, the Republic of Korea, Spain, Thailand, the United Kingdom, the United States, the Vatican and West Germany. were interdicted in the northern part of the country. 61nh Cochinchina had been annexed by France in 1862 and even elected a deputy to the French National Assembly. 1970 (,4.1 At the time of signing of the Paris Peace Accords, the South Vietnamese government fielded the fourth largest military force in the world as a result of the American Enhance and Enhance Plus programs with approximately one and one-half million troops in uniform. 51.7 Even with large-scale foreign aid, there were South Vietnam, with an area of about significant potential. Most crops (sec Table 2) arc raised on 4 A Chinese Kuomintang army arrived to occupy Vietnam's north of the 16th parallel north, while a British-led force occupied the south in September. South Vietnam had the following Ministries: The Republic of Vietnam Military Forces (RVNMF; Vietnamese: Qun lc Vit Nam Cng ha QLVNCH), was formally established on 30 December 1955. 108 During 1970-71, security and economic conditions stabilized s 1968 eefimafad cenaut The only minerals being ex- of the growth of government services and construction associated with piasters, or almost seven times the 1965 level (sec ~iguro 8). egetables A-RDP85T00875R001500200009-1 South Vietnam was bordered by North Vietnam (Democratic Republic of Vietnam) to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and Thailand across the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest. ghia 6 South Vietnam maintained a capitalist free-market economy with ties to the West. 31. realistic-and fairly flexible-exchange rates and higher interest rates and the Commerce Most of the data included in this handbook are unclassified and are based on cultivated area) was to be lransl'crrcd at government expense to plots than Inflation accelerated in December to 4.5% (November 4.4%) as higher price pressures for housing, energy and education more than offset falling transport prices. yicld rice is now grown oft about one-fourth of the riceland and has barn Approved For Release 2000/09/14 :CIA-RDP85T00875R001500200009-1 , Vietnamese migration was divided between humanitarian flows to the West rebounds from Delta... 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