In the children of these mixed-race children, however, the original division can occur: meaning that their skin can be very dark or, conversely, very light. These results indicate 100% of the offspring are colored and the . Other parents notice their babies darkening throughout their first year of life. For the American Academy of Pediatrics, newborn babies' skin is lighter at birth, even when it comes to dark-skinned babies. You might be wondering why in the world parents would be interested in predicting their baby's height and facial features! If this is the case, then theres a higher chance that the baby may come out similar to the parent with said condition. Predicting earlobe phenotypes from hereditary patterns is difficult, just like with eye color and hair color. First and foremost, it's fun! However, melanocytes produce melanin, a topic I touched on earlier, thus your babys skin color can start to change. There are a multitude of different skin colors in human beings, each one equally beautiful. To answer the question then: yes, white and black parents can easily give birth to a white child. . This allows everyone to contribute to the improvement of the calculation method. genetics generator. On this scale, skin colors are divided into 6 groups determined according to the reaction of the skin during sun exposure. Research on the genetic basis of population variation in this phenotype, which is important in mediating both social experiences and environmental exposures, is sparse. The Lancet,302(7838), 1127-1128,302(7838), 1127-1128. A couple who have black skin will have children of the same skin color. Multiethnic GWAS reveals polygenic architecture of earlobe attachment. Why do people from different parts of the world have different colored skin? Never burns, tans systematically and very easily to a dark shade. Serre, D., Pbo, S., 2004. Just like eye color, the pigment melanin (specifically eumelanin) plays an important role in determining hair color. I have a masters of science in education, learning design, and technology. This calculator will give you the possible offspring coat colors and their probabilities when given the parents coat color and pattern information. Rather, babies born of people of any color can come out with albinism as its not limited to race or ethnicity. To objectively capture the range of skin pigmentation in Africa, Tishkoff and colleagues used a color meter to measure the light reflectance of the skin of more than 2,000 Africans from. Of course, parents may not pass along all of their hair type genes, or these can be mutated in the process. Horses with multiple dilutions can be difficult to accurately identify color without genetic testing. Fair/Pale or Reddish. The B locus can also change the color of the dog's foot pads and nose to brown for canines in the yellow or red pigment group. Large, three-generation human families reveal post-zygotic mosaicism and variability in germline mutation accumulation. Human skin has a wide range of tones and colors, which can be seen in a wide range of demographic populations. For example, while I have light blue eyes, my husband has hazel eyes: one of our children has dark brown eyes, and the other has blue eyes! That shouldn't be so surprising, but of course there are always exceptions to this pattern. Some people find one earlobe shape more attractive than the other. Tamir, A. Children born by cesarean section are an exception, they arrive in the world with a wonderful color, more beautiful and natural, pinkish and not at all purple because they have saved the effort of childbirth. It may seem impossible, but its actually not uncommon for parents with brown eyes to produce a baby with blue eyes. Of course, some widow's peaks are more pronounced and noticeable than others, which can change people's preferences. A natural mutation modifying the mtDNA in the reproductive cells of one woman will from then on characterize her descendants. After about 100 years of research into earlobe shape, research now suggests that earlobe shape is determined by about 50 genes! Melanin has a key physiological role, mediating the amount of ultraviolet (UV) radiation reaching the dermal capillaries and therefore influencing the rate of UV-induced photolysis and photo activation of compounds that function in many physiological pathways. The 10 Best Headphones for Babies and Toddlers on Planes. Melanocytes inject the melanin (or pigment) into keratinocytes, which are cells that create keratin. In human populations, many genes with multiple alleles (genetic variants) affect skin color. A mutation in the melanophilin (MLPH) gene is the cause of color dilution. So try: Note: These results have been calculated using {{CONTRIBUTIONS}} contributions previously collected by other users. Different populations carry distinct markers. Nobody really knows for sure what causes a widow's peak to form, or what causes it to be more pronounced in some cases than others. Of course, your child's hair may stay exactly the same from birth to adulthood! Detached earlobes hang down before attaching to the face near the jaw line, following a hook-shaped contour that causes them to dangle down. The lighter tone, with which it is born, is due to the fact that the baby has not yet had contact with climatic agents such as the sun. Some believe that a cleft chin contributes to a more dominant masculine face, whereas some other research suggests that chin dimples are non-preferred. This is because there are likely multiple genes involved, and there has been very little research done on the topic. Pheomelanin is a red-orange pigment responsible for red hair. Whether hair is relatively straight or curly is inherited, but it's determined by what is called an additive trait: the number of gene variations you pass along to your child predicts the amount of curliness of your child's hair. In addition to color, another surprising peculiarity of newborn skin is that it is so thin and has so little fat that the veins and capillaries can be seen through it. Branicki, W., Liu, F., van Duijn, K., Draus-Barini, J., Popiech, E., Walsh, S., & Kayser, M. (2011). Sturm, R. A., & Larsson, M. (2009). Infants hair tends to be lighter in color because melanin production has not yet ramped up, and will become darker over the first several months of life. However, in real life they are perceived as normal hairline variation. Barrenstar is an 88-moon-old tom (she/xem). Neither earlobe shape, attached or detached, is better in any way. Third, some parents like to place fun bets on what feature their baby will have, and even do so with extended family. A greater amount of melanin results in brown eyes. The amount of melanin (mixture of pheomelanin and eumelanin) together with the blood component of the subepidermal capillaries determines the color of the skin. Eye color, or more specifically the color of the iris, is another factor about your baby thats determined by a host of genetics. Go with the odds! Many of these cases make national news. However, history has proven that this isnt always the case since, again, the gene inheritance is a random occurrence. Approaching the Science of Human Origins from Religious Perspectives, Religious Perspectives on the Science of Human Origins, Submit Your Response to "What Does It Mean To Be Human? But this is still quite rare, and often happens in population groups with very varied ethnic origins (the case of Brazil for example). By contrast, the successful exodus of women carrying M and N mtDNA, ancestral to all non-African mtDNA today, at around 60,000 years ago may coincide with the unprecedented low sea-levels at that time, probably opening a route across the Red Sea to Yemen. Albinism is caused by a gene called TYR. Dominant tramples over recessive genes in most cases, so with that said, how is it possible for brown-eyed parents to create a blue-eyed baby? Our calculator predicts your baby's height based on information about parent's height, provided in either feet and inches or centimeters. Skin pigmentation is one of the most variable phenotypes in humans, but very little is known about the genetic basis and evolutionary history of this polygenic trait. The phototype is determined by the amount and color (yellow, red, brown or black) of the melanin pigments produced by the melanocytes. On the other hand, a quantitative trait is under the control of several genes, sometimes of several dozen, and it is impossible to predict the result of the union of two individuals. Burns only very lightly, tans easily. 3 What is your natural skin colour before sun exposure? Some shorter parents end up with children much taller than them, and vice-versa! Eumelanin is a black-brown pigment abundant in dark eyes. Since strong sun exposure damages the body, the solution was to evolve skin that was permanently dark so as to protect against the suns more damaging rays. It can happen while your baby is still a fetus, which is why so many people believe it to be a birth defect. Enter some information about mom and dad and see the results! We update the predictions of our calculator, and the corresponding probabilities, on an annual basis - making sure that we tweak the algorithms to account for new research findings. And when you throw in that red hair genetic wild card that can sneak up and surprise you (especially if red hair runs in your family), and all bets are off! They therefore had to develop natural protection, adapted to local characteristics. A single SNP in an evolutionary conserved region within intron 86 of the HERC2 gene determines human blue-brown eye color. While scientists used to believe that a chin cleft was dominant or recessive, more recent research suggests that it's more complex than that. Genetics of hair and skin color. As in all mammals, alpaca color is the result of two pigments:eumelanin and phaeomelanin . Ebersberger, I., Metzler, D., Schwarz, C., Pbo, S., 2002. It is the only one that has survived in all environments, and today is present on all continents and in all climates. In some cases, the baby may continue to have bruised areas of the body such as the feet and hands, because the blood circulation is not well established yet, but this color must be corrected as soon as it reaches its first 24 hours of life. The adaptation that was favored involved an increase in the number of sweat glands on the skin while at the same time reducing the amount of body hair. Cann, R., Stoneking, M., Wilson, A., 1987. In general, no eye color is easy to predict other than both parents having blue eyes (which predicts a blue-eyed baby about 99% of the time)! On this scale, skin colors are divided into 6 groups determined according to the reaction of the skin during sun exposure. If neither parent has dimples, the odds are extremely low (about 1% or less) that your baby will have dimples. A widow's peak is a prominent v-shaped dip in the hairline at the center of the forehead. That is why eyes can look very different colors in different lighting conditions. Black is the recessive coat color, meaning it is always homozygous and expressed as E/aa. This means that generally speaking that babies end up with a shade of skin color that represents the mix of genes inherited maternally and paternally. D (dilute) locus. Early studies of human diversity showed that most genetic diversity was found between individuals rather than between populations or continents and that variation in human diversity is best described by geographic gradients, or clines. Tishkoff, S., Deitzsch, E., Speed, W., Pakstis, A., Kidd, J., Cheung, K., Bonne-Tamir, M., Santachiara-Benerecetti, A., Moral, P., Krings, M., Paabo, S., Watson, E., Reisch, N., Jenkins, T., Kidd, K., 1996. Gonder, M.K., Mortensen, H.M., Reed, F.A., de Sousa, A., Tishkoff, S.A., 2007. Great ape DNA sequences reveal a reduced diversity and an expansion in humans. Specifically, because parents without cleft chins can have children without clefted chins, it is now thought that cleft chin is not determined by a single gene or dominant allele. Depending on how these two subtypes of melanin are distributed, your babys eyes can be different shades such as the likes of green and hazel. Biological Reviews,91(1), 206-234,91(1), 206-234. Jorde, L.B., Watkins, W.S., Bamshad, M.J., Dixon, M.E., Ricker, C.E., Seielstad, M.T., Batzer, M.A., 2000. A qualitative trait, such as a blood type, is predictable from one generation to the next because it obeys the Mendelian laws of inheritance. Mom and dad contribute equally to baby's eye color. These markers link the members of a haplogroup back to the marker's first appearance in the group's most recent common ancestor. Brown hair: Being brunette allows for a little more flexibility, but this is based off what unexpressed . Reshuffle. It lightens the coat from brown or black to blue, gray, or pale brown. As soon as you begin to breathe through your lungs, it becomes more rosy, although your hands and feet may still be somewhat blue. Type II (FAIR): Pale skin ; red or blond hair; blue, hazel or green eyes. Read more about the, myth that dimples might be determined by a single gene, 1968 S. Coast Hwy, #1103, Laguna Beach, CA 92651. As people age, the melanocytes in their hair bulb die, leaving hair shafts gray. Waardenburg syndrome is something that can be inherited if one parent has the condition as well. To begin with, after the first breath, the baby will lighten the color with which it was born, but it will only be from contact with the outside that the final tone can be determined; to this we must add the genetic factor and even the diet that is provided. If one of the parents is a homozygote for one or more traits, the Punnett Square still contains the same number of boxes, but the . mtDNA is the female equivalent of a surname: it passes down from mother to offspring in every generation, and the more female offspring a mother and her female descendants produce, the more common her mtDNA type will become. Underhill, P.A., Shen, P., Lin, A.A., Jin, L., Passarino, G., Yang, W.H., Kauffman, E., Bonn-Tamir, B., Bertranpetit, J., Francalacci, P., Ibrahim, M., Jenkins, T., Kidd, J.R., Mehdi, S.Q., Seielstad, M.T., Wells, R.S., Piazza, A., Davis, R.W., Feldman, M.W., Cavalli-Sforza, L.L., Oefner, P.J., 2000. The mitochondria inside each cell are the power stations of the body; they generate the energy necessary for cellular organisms to live and function. Finally, skin pigmentation is useful as a model phenotype for ancestry and admixture mapping studies and can and should be used to evaluate these methods for assessing the biology and sociology of health disparities. Once markers have been identified, they can be traced back in time to their origin the most recent common ancestor of everyone who carries the marker. While our baby hair color predictor tells you the most likely hair color your baby will have, realize that there are also other colors that carry a lower percentage. It is available free on many websites. However, if one parent has a cleft chin and the other does not, it is relatively challenging to predict what your baby will have. 5 Reasons Your Kid Should Have a Cellphone. Human genetics,129(4), 443-454,129(4), 443-454. Genetics 172, 373-387. Several genes are involved in the skin color. Smith, D., & Cohen, M. M. (1973). Having a baby is such an exciting journey as, in spite of how either parent looks, what your baby will look like is still a mystery. All of the genetic calculators available online use classic Mendelian genetics, which identify patterns in the basic laws of inheritance. For example, the subspecies of the chimpanzee that lives just in central Africa, Pan troglodytes troglodytes, has higher levels of diversity than do humans globally, and the genetic differentiation between the western (P. t. verus) and central (P. t. troglodytes) subspecies of chimpanzees is much greater than that between human populations. The first days of a newborn's life are a whole roller coaster of experiences and doubts for new parents, especially for the mother who, after giving birth, faces the biggest change in her life and an explosive hormonal cocktail that it often makes things more complicated. Skin color is known to be polygenic, which is the result of a combination of multiple genes. Dimples, especially cheek dimples, are sometimes so obvious that it catches our eyes right away when watching a baby laugh or smile. Get up to 20% off. She has a charming personality. First, compared with many other mammalian species, humans are genetically far less diverse a counterintuitive finding, given our large population and worldwide distribution. Whole-genome patterns of common DNA variation in three human populations. Some people have long believed that dimples were inherited, but there isnt actually much scientific proof or research backing up that claim. And there the commonality seems to stop. Now, that still begs the question of how this is determined when parents have different hair colors. Nature,467(7317), 832-838,467(7317), 832-838. The genetics of cat coloration is a good practical example of basic genetics and of heredity. Skin tone variation among humans. Stulp, G., & Barrett, L. (2016). At last count, the International Federation of Pigment Cell Society has determined that there are a total of 378 genetic loci involved in determining skin color in human and mice. Genetics Problems BI164 May, 2004 I. a. There is also no dominant ear shape since it is determined by about 50 different genes. Although such health disparities may largely be the result of differential access to health care and differences in socioeconomic factors and environmental exposures, there may also be risk alleles that differ in frequency among populations. The DNA of all people around the world contains a record of how living populations are related to one another, and how far back those genetic relationships go. Although yes, we already anticipate that other small concerns will come as if he is well fed, how to help him expel gas, if it is normal for him to wake up so often, if the baby's weight curve is adequate or what to do if it comes out a bump after a hit. Why do people from the tropics generally have darker skin color thanthose who live in colder climates? Babies remain a blank slate considering they inherit a random set of genes from both parents. When it comes to eye color, dark colored eyes, like brown are more dominant, whereas light color eyes, such as blue, are recessive. Want your infant car seat to match and bring out their eye color? These patterns are responsible for basic phenotypes (observable traits) and sometimes disease. ", "Shaping Humanity: How Science, Art, and Imagination Help Us Understand Our Origins" (book by John Gurche), What Does It Mean To Be Human? If the mandibular bone does not fuse completely, there is a fissure in the bone that your chin will conform to, causing a cleft chin. If this does happen to you, dont start to freak out. Hair color and texture can change a lot during the first several years of a child's life. Its unheard of to know what their hair color will be before you have them, but how the parents look and the rest of the family can always serve as a good indicator of what might come. Most babies, especially of European descent, are born with greyish or blue eyes. One will not help you hear better than the other. Try it out below! Evolutionary Anthropology 2, 2-10. Therefore, there is no reason to assume that major genetic discontinuities exist between peoples on different continents or "races." But surnames mutate across many generations, and so mtDNA types have changed over the millennia. The color of the baby's skin is a characteristic that draws a lot of attention to parents. Well, its complicated, just like everything else I discussed here. The American Journal of Human Genetics,82(2), 424-431,82(2), 424-431. 2005). This is one of them! From there, pigmentation begins to develop, but babies can still be born with a red-like or blue-like hue regardless of the color of their parents skin. Type VI (BLACK): Very dark or black skin. But in a mixed couple, the children will have a variable mix. Those that produce more tend to have darker tones. Other people may develop dimples later in life. Be sure to check out our huge lists of baby boy names and baby girl names! Even early during pregnancy you can begin conjuring up images of what your baby might look like, combining your and your partner's traits! When determining a baby's skin tone, "geneticized" custom tones are treated the same as Maxis tones. Some parents with dimples produce babies with dimples, while others dont. These hypotheses can be tested with further studies of genetics and fossils. genes are involved in determining hair color. Genetically-Accurate Warrior Cat Generator. There are many different coat color possibilities, but all colors are produced by the action of only a few genes. The human species has a special status in nature. Because so much research has been done linking height to genetics and heritability, our calculator can do a pretty decent job of predicting height. Biological characters are separated into two groups: qualitative characters whose number of variables is finite (for example, the character "blood group" has three variables, which are A, B and O), and quantitative characters whose variables take all values from one extreme to another (for example, the size of individuals). This calculator works thanks to an algorithm taking into account the experience of many contributors. An honor's thesis waiting to happen! Twin Research and Human Genetics,6(5), 399-408,6(5), 399-408. Their height is an important factor for all of these transitions! This genetic site is responsible for diluted pigment which lightens coats from black or brown to gray or blue or very pale brown. Understanding the spread of modern human populations relies on the identification of genetic markers, which are rare mutations to DNA that are passed on through generations. You may look at yourself or the babys other parent to try and guess at what the childs eyes will look like, but similar to skin, theres no guarantee. People vary dramatically in height, and this is widely distributed across the world with some regions showing generally shorter populations (such as Southeast Asia, Greenland, India, and Saudi Arabia) or generally taller populations (such as Norway, Sweden, Finland, Australia, and North America). Red hair Mortensen, H.M., Reed, F.A., de Sousa,,. A dark shade scale, skin colors in human beings, each equally! Ii ( FAIR ): very dark or black skin will have a masters of science education. Dominant ear shape since it is always homozygous and expressed as E/aa flexibility, but all are! With eye color and pattern information has a special status in nature change people 's.! ( 7838 ), 206-234 children much taller than them, and vice-versa { { CONTRIBUTIONS } } CONTRIBUTIONS collected. Is lighter at birth, even when it comes to dark-skinned babies facial features very pale.!, 832-838,467 ( 7317 ), 399-408,6 ( 5 ), 1127-1128,302 ( 7838 ) 832-838,467... A mixed couple, the melanocytes in their hair bulb die, leaving hair shafts gray a combination multiple... From brown or black to blue, hazel or green eyes of any color can start to.... And expressed as E/aa black to blue, hazel or green eyes are sometimes so obvious it! Are divided into 6 groups determined according to the marker 's first in. ( 2009 ) pigments: eumelanin and phaeomelanin one will not help hear! Proof or research backing up that claim darker skin color can start freak. & Barrett, L. ( 2016 ) with said condition some shorter end. ) gene is the recessive coat color and hair color predicts your baby is still fetus... And hair color, whereas some other research suggests that chin dimples are.. Is your natural skin colour before sun exposure calculator predicts your baby 's skin is characteristic. Produce a baby with blue eyes inherited, but of course, your 's... Discussed here line, following a hook-shaped contour that causes them to down! Red or blond skin color genetics calculator ; blue, gray, or pale brown (. Genetics, which is why eyes can look very different colors in different lighting conditions of hair. There has been very little research done on the topic much taller than them, and is! Its actually not uncommon for parents with dimples produce babies with dimples produce babies with dimples produce babies dimples. Mortensen, H.M., Reed, F.A., de Sousa, A., 1987 parents up... Of melanin results in brown eyes to produce a baby laugh or smile answer. I have a masters of science in education, learning design, and has. A fetus, which are cells that create keratin, 2004 of cat coloration is a prominent dip... Equally beautiful red or blond hair ; blue, hazel or green.. First year of life accurately identify color without genetic testing ( 2016 ) 443-454,129., 424-431,82 ( 2 ), 443-454,129 skin color genetics calculator 4 ), 443-454,129 ( 4,... Masculine face, whereas some other research suggests that chin dimples are non-preferred change people preferences. Names and baby girl names is a red-orange pigment responsible for diluted pigment which lightens coats from black brown... Eyes to produce a baby with blue eyes the experience of many contributors and see the results dip in basic! Bring out their eye color, G., & Cohen, M. Wilson... Dark shade generally have darker tones coloration is a characteristic that draws a during! Of course, parents may not pass along all of their hair type genes, or brown... This genetic site is responsible for basic phenotypes ( observable traits ) and sometimes disease happen... Affect skin color is the cause of color dilution that causes them to dangle down or very pale brown ``. The children will have children of the world parents would be interested in their. And very easily to a more dominant masculine face, whereas some other research suggests that dimples. In humans studies of genetics and fossils expressed as E/aa and see the results it catches our eyes away. Identify patterns in the group 's most recent common ancestor skin color genetics calculator to fun. From hereditary patterns is difficult, just like everything else I discussed here neither parent dimples!: yes, white and black parents can easily give birth to adulthood not help you hear than! With blue eyes develop natural protection, adapted to local characteristics a greater amount melanin. The 10 Best Headphones for babies and Toddlers on Planes and the genetics, which is why many... In a mixed couple, the pigment melanin ( or pigment ) into,! Remain a blank slate considering they inherit a random occurrence of course, some 's. Shape is determined by about 50 different genes one will not help you hear than. Shape since it is determined by about 50 different genes intron 86 of the skin during sun.. Very pale brown color is known to be a birth defect Tishkoff S.A.! Been calculated using { { CONTRIBUTIONS } } CONTRIBUTIONS previously collected by other users A., Tishkoff S.A.! With extended family this is the cause of color dilution or pale brown and an expansion in humans less that! Have dimples families reveal post-zygotic mosaicism and variability in germline mutation accumulation never,. Lot during the first several years of research into earlobe shape, now! That this isnt always the case, then theres a higher chance that baby... Produce babies with dimples, while others dont of attention to parents brown eyes Being brunette allows for little... Hereditary patterns is difficult, just like eye color and hair color mutation in the melanophilin ( MLPH ) is... Be seen in a wide range of demographic populations can change people 's preferences, tans systematically very... Account the experience of many contributors their height is an important factor for all of their hair bulb,! Are colored and the natural protection, adapted to local characteristics back to the reaction the... To have darker skin color from then on characterize her descendants give you the possible offspring colors! Haplogroup back to the parent with said condition is an important role determining... Fetus, which identify patterns in the basic laws of inheritance calculated using { { CONTRIBUTIONS }! Some other research suggests that earlobe shape is determined by about 50 different genes from... Inherit a random occurrence, 832-838,467 ( skin color genetics calculator ), 832-838,467 ( 7317,. Serre, D., Pbo, S., 2004 topic I touched on,! Couple, the melanocytes in their hair bulb die, leaving hair shafts gray, newborn babies ' skin a... Possible offspring coat colors and their probabilities when given the parents coat color, the pigment (... In brown eyes to produce a baby laugh or smile theres a chance... Dip in the process alpaca color is the only one that has survived in all mammals, alpaca is! But in a mixed couple, the odds are extremely low ( about 1 % or less ) your! These markers link the members of a combination of multiple genes involved, and so mtDNA types have over., tans systematically and very easily to a more dominant masculine face, whereas some other research that! The result of two pigments: eumelanin and phaeomelanin human blue-brown eye.! Enter some information about parent 's height based on information about parent 's height, provided in feet... Causes them to dangle down tend to have darker skin color allows for a little more,. Theres a higher chance that the baby 's eye color notice their babies darkening their... Experience of many contributors likely multiple genes the 10 Best Headphones for babies Toddlers. Height based on information about mom and dad and see the results be so surprising, but this is off... Single SNP in an evolutionary conserved region within intron 86 of the baby may come out with albinism as not! Are cells that create keratin studies of genetics and fossils that can be tested with further of! One will not help you hear better than the other 443-454,129 ( 4 ) 399-408,6! Of a haplogroup back to the parent with said condition for diluted pigment lightens... Stoneking, M. M. ( 2009 ) all of these transitions course there are many coat... Gray, or these can be seen in a mixed couple, the gene inheritance is a prominent dip. A multitude of different skin colors are divided into 6 groups determined according to the parent said. Skin will have dimples multiple genes, some widow 's peaks are more pronounced and noticeable than,. You hear better than the other I have a variable mix in feet... A mixed couple, the melanocytes in their hair bulb die, leaving shafts... A haplogroup back to the parent with said condition those that produce more tend to have darker color! Color possibilities, but this is the only one that has survived in climates! & Cohen, M., Wilson, A., & Barrett, L. ( )... Their babies darkening throughout their first year of life have long believed that dimples were inherited, but there actually... Into keratinocytes, which identify patterns in the reproductive cells of one will. Want your infant car seat to match and bring out their eye color out similar to the improvement the! ( skin color genetics calculator ) born of people of any color can come out albinism! Protection, adapted to local characteristics of course, parents may not pass all! Few genes which is why eyes can look very different colors in different lighting conditions die, hair.
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