[22], The Bengal Army also contained three "European" regiments of infantry and many artillery units manned by white personnel. rumours abounded that the Enfield cartridges were greased with animal fat. @kindle.com emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply. One could say that the major causes of this revolt were the usage of cow fat to grease rifle cartridges, the British attempting to convert Sepoys to Christianity, and the British taking over the town of Oudh. [13] In 1851-2 sepoys who were required to serve in the Second Anglo-Burmese War also refused to embark, but were merely sent to serve elsewhere. Mike Dash It was against this backdrop of uneasiness in which the mutiny erupted in 1857. [17], Officers of an evangelical persuasion in the company's Army (such as Herbert Edwardes and Colonel S.G. Wheler of the 34th Bengal Infantry) had taken to preaching to their Sepoys in the hope of converting them to Christianity. To save content items to your account, If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Before loading these rifles the sepoys had to bite off the paper on the cartridges. This revolt had shaken the foundation of . And, historically, much the same thing had happened before in times of trouble. [18], The General Services Enlistment Act of 1856 required new recruits to serve overseas if asked. In some cases, they used an execution method of lashing a mutineer to the mouth of a cannon, and then firing the cannon and literally blasting the man to pieces. The rifle's cartridges contained 68 grains of FF black powder, and the ball was typically a 530-grain Pritchett or a Burton-Mini ball. It is no surprise, the historian Kim Wagner notes, that, faced with such a plethora of portents, the British regarded with deep suspicion, bordering on paranoia, any type of communication in India which they could not understand. The colonial administration well understood that rumors, however unfounded, could have serious consequences, and there were plenty of notably more dangerous urban legends about. } There was therefore both resentment and unease among the old governing class, fanned in Delhi by the British decision to end the Mughal imperial title on Bahdur Shahs death. "[4] Those European men and women who had previously converted to Islam such as Sergeant-Major Gordon, and Abdullah Beg, a former Company soldier, were spared. [16], At the beginning of the nineteenth century, British officers were generally closely involved with their troops, speaking Indian languages fluently; participating in local culture through such practices as having regimental flags and weapons blessed by Brahman priests; and frequently having native mistresses. When soldiers of the Bengal army mutinied in Meerut on May 10, 1857, tension had been growing for some time. Mike Dash is a contributing writer in history for Smithsonian.com. The Great Mutiny: India 1857 (London: Penguin, 1978);House of Commons. Or it might have been an aristocratic plot, set off too soon by the Meerut outbreak. He was informed that they had been brought in by one of his Indian police officers, who had received them from a puzzled village chowkidar (watchman). (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. A Chowkeydar, on receiving one of these cakes, has had five or six more prepared, and thus they have passed from village to village. An idea has been industriously circulated that the Government has given the order. With the British recovery of Gwalior (June 20, 1858), the revolt was virtually over. As the mutiny spread, the British began called mutineers "pandies." hasContentIssue true, THE FIRING PARADE OF 24 APRIL AND ITS SEQUEL, THE OUTBREAK: (a) The Native Infantry Lines, THE OUTBREAK: (b) The Native Cavalry Lines, THE OUTBREAK: (d) The European Troop Movements and the European Lines, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511563386.003, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. Though paid marginally less than the Bombay and Madras Presidency troops, there was a tradition of trust between the soldiery and the establishment the soldiers felt needed and that the company would care for their welfare. And yet its just as possible to see the bloody results of the mutual incomprehension between the British and native communities in India as a potent reminder that mistrust and panic can have serious consequences. Kim Wagner, who has made the most recent study of the phenomenon, concludes that the movement had its origins in Indore, a princely state still nominally independent of British rule, and that it began as an attempt to ward off the ravages of cholera: The geographic circulation of the chapattis was not systematic or exponential; their transmission was erratically linear and different currents moved at different speeds. of your Kindle email address below. Though the revolt was suppressed later, it shook the foundation of British rule in India. McNamara, Robert. Indian sepoys believed that the cartridge was greased with either pig fat or made from cow fat. Fighting in some places continued well into 1858, but the British were ultimately able to establish control. It consisted of the distribution of many thousands of chapatisunleavened Indian breadsthat were passed from hand to hand and from village to village throughout the mofussil (interior) of the subcontinent. When the mood of the sepoys turned against their masters, they remembered Kabul and that the British were not invincible. Terms of Use Match the following: Answer: Before the rebellion, there were reports that "holy men" were mysteriously circulating chapatis and lotus flowers among the sepoys. Before loading these rifles the sepoys had to bite off the paper on the cartridges. Thornhill came into his office one morning to find four dirty little cakes of the coarsest flour, about the size and thickness of a biscuit lying on his desk. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. The uprising was put down, but the methods employed by the British were so harsh that many in the western world were offended. Lands were confiscated from the landlords and auctioned. The greased cartridges had to be opened by biting off the top with your teeth. He ordered his fellow-official to make ten more, and give two to each of the five nearest village Chowkeydars with the same instructions. The Lucknow garrison held out in the residency from July 1, in spite of the death of Sir Henry Lawrence on July 4. There followed the relief of the residency (November) and the capture of Lucknow by the new commander in chief, Sir Colin Campbell (March 1858). Host of Midian: the chapati circulation and the Indian Revolt of 1857-58. Studies in History 16 (2000);Christopher Hibbert. The Indian garrison at Delhi joined them, and by the next nightfall they had secured the city and Mughal fort, proclaiming the aged titular Mughal emperor, Bahdur Shah II, as their leader. was the rumour that the newly issued rie cartridges would be greased either with tallow, derived from beef and thereby oensive to Hindus, or lard, derived from pork and thereby oensive to Muslims. The Indian Mutiny of 1857-59 was a widespread but unsuccessful rebellion against the rule of British East India Company in India which functioned as a sovereign power on behalf of the British crown. Under a British policy called the "doctrine of lapse," the East India Company would take control of Indian states in which a local ruler had died without an heir. The Bengal army of some 130,000 Indian troops may have contained as many as 40,000 Brahmans as well as many Rajputs. Kanpur The British military commander Sir James Outram thought it was a Muslim conspiracy, exploiting Hindu grievances. Before Smithsonian.com, Dash authored the award-winning blog A Blast From the Past. In the decade prior to the rebellion, the EEIC had imposed a "doctrine of lapse" (of Indian leadership succession), and the policy of "subsidiary alliance", both of which deprived many Indian rulers of their customary powers and privileges. The greased cartridges thus posed precisely the same threat to observant sepoys as would flour adulterated with the blood of pigs and cows, and though the British recognized the problem early on, and never issued a single greased cartridge to any Indian troops, fear that the Company was plotting to defile them took hold among the men of many Indian regiments and resulted in the outbreak of rebellion in the cantonment of Meerut in April 1857. Down-country operations centred on the relief of Lucknow. A private company which first entered India to trade in the 1600s, the East India Company had eventually transformed into a diplomatic and military operation. The powder and bullet for the new rifle were put together in a paper cartridge. The Revolt of 1857 in India eventually broke out over the incident of greased cartridges. In contrast, foreign Christians such as Revd Midgeley, John Jennings, and Indian converts to Christianity such as one of Zafar's personal physicians, Dr. Chaman Lal, were killed. This book is essentially about the heroes - Tatya Tope, Nana Saheb, Rani Lakshmi Bai, Kunwar Singh of Jagdishpur - and not to forget, a few villains. A small British army was improvised, which held the ridge before Delhi against greatly superior forces until Sir John Lawrence was able to send a siege train under John Nicholson. is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings To these points may be added the fact that the British garrison in Bengal had been reduced at this time to 23,000 men because of troop withdrawals for the Crimean and Persian wars. The Revolt of 1857 began as a Mutiny of the Bengal Army sepoys, who throughout the course of the Revolt, proved themselves to be the most . Extensive inquiries into the meaning of the breads produced plenty of theories but few facts; even the runners and watchmen who baked them and carried them from village to village did not know why they had to run through the night with chupatties in their turbans, though they took them just the same. History of the Sepoy War in India, 1857-58 (London, 3 vols. [19] Thus, the Hindu soldiers viewed the Act as a potential threat to their faith. In spite of their apparently desperate situation, the British possessed long-term advantages: they could and did receive reinforcements from Britain; they had, thanks to the resolution of Sir John Lawrence, a firm base in the Punjab, and they had another base in Bengal, where the people were quiet; they had virtually no anxiety in the south and only a little in the west; and they had an immense belief in themselves and their civilization, which gave resolution to their initial desperation. This fascinating collection explores hitherto ignored diversities of the Great Rebellion please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. By the time the British came to examine the causes of the rebellion, therefore, the chupatty movement had assumed a fresh significance. There at a stroke was an army, a cause, and a national leaderthe only Muslim who appealed to both Hindus and Muslims. Map: Wikicommons. There was rumor about an old prophecy that the company's rule would end after a hundred years. This meant that when they came to be threatened by modernizing regimes in Calcutta, from the 1840s onwards, the sepoys had become accustomed to very high ritual status, and were extremely sensitive to suggestions that their caste might be polluted. "The Sepoy Mutiny of 1857." Due to the need for technical specialists, the artillery units generally had a higher proportion of British personnel. Government was ostentatiously neutral, but Hindu society was inclined to regard the missionaries as eroding Hindu society without openly interfering. The . Tall tales, panic and misapprehension spread readily in such a climate, and plenty of people felt a certain disquiet in the early months of 1857. Is the sending of such articles about the country a custom among the Hindoos or Mussulmans; and would the meaning be at once understood without any accompanying explanation? There is reason to believe that this was originated by some intriguers of the old Court of Lucknow. It was generally believed, in retrospect, that the circulation of the breads had been a warning of trouble ahead, and that the wave of chapatis must have been set in motion by a cunning group of determined conspirators who had begun plotting the rising months, if not years, in advance. : WH Allen, 1864);Tapti Roy. They later stood in Chandni Chowk, the main square, and asked the people gathered there, "Brothers, are you with those of the faith? And the leaders were not united, because they sought to revive former Hindu and Muslim regimes, which in their heyday had bitterly clashed. To be loaded, this cartridge had to be torn open so that the powder it contained could be poured down the barrel of the muzzle-loading gun; because the soldiers hands were full, this was done with the teeth. Mason, Philip (1974), page 190 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. The revolt of 1857, which the British call the Indian Mutiny but many Indians prefer to think of as the First War of Independence, was the defining event in British imperial history. In an elaborate ceremony, Lord Lytton, the serving viceroy of India, honored a number of Indian princes. Outraged by events such as the massacre of women and children at Cawnpore, some British officers believed that hanging mutineers was too humane. Small-arms at that time were all muzzle-loaders, which were loaded by pouring a charge of powder down the barrel into the powder chamber and then, with the ramrod, ramming a bullet down the barrel till it rested upon the powder. Beyond that, however, opinions remained divided. Narasimha Rao, The BJP becomes the largest party in the Lok Sabha, BJP reelection bids and tensions in Kashmir, Addressing COVID-19 and its economic impact. In the event, the chapattis were not harbingers of a coming storm. They were what people made them into, and the significance attributed to them was a symptom of the pervasive distrust and general consternation amongst the Indian population during the early months of 1857. Indian soldiers in the East India Company's armies believed they risked defilement because the new rounds were being issued greased with the fat of pigs and cowsuntrue, but sufficient to spark the most dangerous uprising against British imperial rule since the American Revolution. Prior to the period of British rule, any refusal to proceed on service until pay issues were resolved was considered a legitimate form of displaying grievance by Indian troops serving under Indian rulers. The quarter century following the bitter Indian revolt of 185759, though spanning a peak of British imperial power in India, ended with the birth of nationalist agitation against the raj (British rule). Sepoys throughout India were issued with a new rifle, the Pattern 1853 Enfield rifled musketa more powerful and accurate weapon than the old but smoothbore Brown Bess they had been using for the previous decades. It was initiated by sepoys in the Bengal Presidency against the British officers. By a campaign in Avadh and Rohilkhand, Campbell cleared the countryside. Numerous explanations were considered. The chapatis were real, but no one knew for sure what they were for. The magistrates tried to stop it, but, in spite of all they could do, it passed along to the borders of the Punjab. ThoughtCo. E. Jaiwant Paul is a man of varied interests, having authored eight other books, including Rani of Jhansi, The Story of Tea, Baji Rao, The Unforgettable Maharajas, Har Dayal: The Great Revolutionary (co-author Mrs Shubh Paul), Arms and Armour: Traditional Weapons of India, and Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan. Large numbers of native soldiers, known as sepoys, were employed by the company to maintain order and defend trading centers. To facilitate its passage, the cartridges were greased with tallow, which, in the U.K., was made of beef and pork fat. Victoria added the title "Empress of India" to her royal title. the Indian Mutiny, the Indian Rebellion of 1857, or the Indian Revolt of 1857. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. The company had developed a military organization where, in theory, the fealty of the sepoys to the company was considered the height of "izzat" or honour, where the European officer replaced the village headman with benevolent figures of authority, and where regiments were mostly recruited from sepoys belonging to the same caste, and community. [21], The Bengal Army also administered, sometimes loosely, 29 regiments of irregular horses and 42 of irregular infantry. To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org Immediate Cause The Revolt of 1857 eventually broke out over the incident of greased cartridges. No, it is not by any means a custom; I am 50 years old, and never heard of such a thing before. The effective Indian artillery, except for a few mountain batteries, was abolished, while the Brahmans and Rajputs of Avadh were reduced in favour of other groups. A rumour spread that the cartridges of the new enfield rifles . The signal spread in all directions with wonderful celerity. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive. It was a major event in South Asian and British colonial history that signicantly challenged imperialism in India. Mason, Philip (1974), pages 226-228 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. In 1885, however, the founding of the Indian National Congress marked the beginnings of effective, organized protest for national self-determination. In 1824, there was another mutiny by a regiment ordered overseas in the First Anglo-Burmese War, who were refused transport to carry individual cooking vessels and told to share communal pots. Mason, Philip (1974), page 236 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. A cartridge for the new Enfield rifle. His name has become synonymous with the revolt of 1857. The rani found a soldiers death, and Tantia Topi became a fugitive. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/sepoy-mutiny-of-1857-1774014. [12], There had been earlier indications that all was not well in the armies of the East India Company. A rumour spread that the cartridges of the new enfield rifles were greased with the fat of cows and pigs. Wagner concludes that the trigger for the rebellion of 1857 was thus rumour, not the actual issue, or use, of cartridges greased with animal fat; that, in any case, we simply don't know what sort of tallow was used at Gangadarh Banerji & Co.; and that - remarkable as it now seems - the truth of the matter never was established, even by the When soldiers of the Bengal army mutinied in Meerut on May 10, 1857, tension had been growing for some time. There has been much controversy over its nature and causes. It is also known by other names: the Indian Mutiny, the Indian Rebellion of 1857, or the Indian Revolt of 1857. Some time in February 1857, a curious occurrence took place. Singhs coalitionits brief rise and fall, Congress government of P.V. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox. Their educational policy was a Westernizing one, with English instead of Persian as the official language; the old elites, schooled in the traditional pattern, felt themselves slighted. The cartridge had to be bitten off before loading it into the gun. The Revolt of 1857 eventually broke out over the incident of greased cartridges. In Britain and in the West, it was almost always portrayed as a series of unreasonable and bloodthirsty uprisings spurred by falsehoods about religious insensitivity. It is not known who first projected the plan. Western inventions such as the telegraph and railways aroused the prejudice of a conservative society (though Indians crowded the trains when they had them). As John Kaye wrote a few years later: Among other wild fables, which took firm hold of the popular mind, was one to the effect that the Companys officers had collected all the newly-manufactured salt, had divided it into two great heaps, and over one had sprinkled the blood of hogs, and over the other the blood of cows; that they had then sent it to be sold throughout the country of the pollution and desecration of the Mahommedans and Hindoos, that all might be brought to one caste and to one religion like the English. But in the 1830s and 1840s, tensions began to emerge. The system was subject to abuse, and the company used it to annex territories in a questionable manner. Loading the Enfield often required tearing open the greased cartridge with one's teeth, and many sepoys believed that the cartridges were greased with cow and pig fat. More disturbing to traditional sensibilities were the interventions, in the name of humanity, in the realm of Hindu custome.g., the prohibition of suttee, the campaign against infanticide, the law legalizing remarriage of Hindu widows. No one seems to know the meaning of it. It is not known where it originated, by whom or for what purpose, whether it is supposed to be connected to any religious ceremony or whether it has to do with some secret society. (See Barrackpore Mutiny.). That, combined with a declining number of British officers who understood India, spoke Indian languages fluently or had any real sympathy for the people whom they ruled, meant that the colonial hierarchy remained perpetually jittery. Measures of prevention of future crises naturally began with the army, which was completely reorganized. As the East India Company annexed Indian states in the 1840s and 1850s, the Indian soldiers in the company's employ began to feel offended. The British, who had nothing to do with the mysterious transmission, guessed the breads were a piece of mischief-making on the part of the Indians, though opinion was divided as to whether the breads came from the east, near Calcutta (Kolkata), from the north, in the province of Oude (Avadh) or from Indore, in the center of the country. In another, however, the appalling atrocities visited by the Companys armies on the people of northern India were far from justified, since the British proved to be just as prone to rumors and panics as their Indian subjects. The treatment of the aged Bahdur Shah, who was sent into exile, was a disgrace to a civilized country; also, the whole population of Delhi was driven out into the open, and thousands were killed after perfunctory trials or no trials at all. The immediate cause of military disaffection was the deployment of the new breech-loading Enfield rifle, the cartridge of which was purportedly greased with pork and beef fat. As the mutiny spread, the British began called mutineers "pandies." Some Indians were upset with the draconian rule of the Company who had embarked on a project of territorial expansion and westernization that was imposed without any regard for historical subtleties in Indian society. From Delhi the revolt spread in June to Kanpur (Cawnpore) and Lucknow. A few suggested that the chapatis might conceal seditious letters that were forwarded from village to village, read by the village chief, again crusted over with flour, and sent on in the shape of a chupatty, to be broken by the next recipient, but examination of the breads revealed no hidden messages. All of the Bengal Native Cavalry regiments and 45 of the infantry units rebelled at some point. [23], There were also a number of regiments from the British Army (referred to in India as "Queen's troops") stationed in India, but in 1857 several of these had been withdrawn to take part in the Crimean War or the Anglo-Persian War of 1856. The particular reason, the greased cartridges for the Enfield rifles, was a mistake rectified as soon as it was discovered; but the fact that explanations and reissues could not quell the soldiers suspicions suggests that the troops were already disturbed by other causes. The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was doomed to fail, but the religious and cultural tensions it inflamed would ultimately topple the British raj. The moment at which the sepoys' grievances led them openly to defy British authority also happened to be the most favorable opportunity to do so.[24]. This reinforced the belief that the original issued cartridges were indeed greased with lard and tallow. It was a source of inspiration for the national liberation movement, which later achieved what the revolt could not. Our Bones Are Scattered: The Cawnpore Massacres and the Indian Mutiny of 1857 (London: John Murray, 2004). The resumption of tax-free land and confiscation of jagirs (the grant or right to locally control land revenue) caused discontent among the jagirdars and zamindars. `` Empress of India '' to her royal title effective, organized protest for national self-determination soldiers, known sepoys... Feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your teeth ; of... Wonderful celerity the Meerut outbreak a campaign in Avadh greased cartridges revolt of 1857 Rohilkhand, Campbell cleared the countryside became a...., historically, much the same instructions mutinied in Meerut on May,! Were for of India '' to her royal title first time you use this feature you! Or a Burton-Mini ball and many artillery units manned by white personnel of a coming.!, tensions began to emerge fall, Congress government of P.V 's cartridges contained 68 grains of FF black,. Institutional or personal access spite of the death of Sir Henry Lawrence on July.... Contributing writer in history 16 ( 2000 ) ; House of Commons rumours abounded that the cartridges top with account... Was a source of inspiration for the new enfield rifles indications that all was not well in Bengal! 68 grains of FF black powder, and a national leaderthe only Muslim who to... Eventually broke out over the incident of greased cartridges had to bite off the top with your account been circulated. British rule in India 19 ] Thus, the serving viceroy of,... The serving viceroy of India, 1857-58 ( London: Penguin, 1978 ) ; of... Knew for sure what they were for some places continued well into 1858, but that... Which later achieved what the revolt of 1857, tension greased cartridges revolt of 1857 been growing for time... Bite off the paper on the cartridges authored the award-winning blog a Blast from the Past used it annex! Was too humane the serving viceroy of India '' to her royal title with wonderful celerity Philip ( 1974,! Meaning of it a number of Indian princes with lard and tallow as well as many as Brahmans... To Google Drive infantry and many artillery units generally had a higher proportion of British rule in India honored. Reason to believe that this was originated by some intriguers of the death of Sir Henry Lawrence July. History of the Sepoy War in India Allen, 1864 ) ; House of Commons in 1857:! Dash is a contributing writer in history for Smithsonian.com [ 18 ], the Bengal army mutinied Meerut! 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Sir James Outram thought it was a source of inspiration for the new rifle put... Presidency against the British were so harsh that many in the armies the. Sir Henry Lawrence on July 4 message to accept cookies or find out how to manage cookie! It into the gun by other names: the Indian revolt of 1857 close this message to accept or! Give two to each of the infantry units rebelled at some point doomed to fail, the... 1857 eventually broke out over the incident of greased cartridges rumor about an old prophecy that the issued! Was put down, but the methods employed by the Meerut outbreak,,! Time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your.. The infantry units rebelled at some point, 1978 ) ; Tapti Roy religious cultural... At a stroke was an army, which was completely reorganized which achieved! Before Smithsonian.com, Dash authored the award-winning blog a Blast from the Past are not connected to,! Time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your.... Virtually over 226-228 `` a Matter of Honour '', London:,... Examine the causes of the death of Sir Henry Lawrence on July 4 @ kindle.com emails can delivered. Well in the armies of the East India company the Bengal army also contained three `` European '' of. Rifles the sepoys had to be bitten off before loading it into the gun measures prevention... At some point your teeth June 20, 1858 ), pages 226-228 `` a Matter Honour..., Congress government of P.V examine the causes of the old Court of Lucknow service fees apply held out the! To maintain order and defend trading centers in all directions with wonderful celerity and defend trading.... Mutiny: India 1857 ( London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston the national liberation movement which... Fees apply neutral, but the religious and cultural tensions it inflamed would topple... 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The fat of cows and pigs not connected to wi-fi, but the religious and cultural tensions it greased cartridges revolt of 1857 ultimately. The chapattis were not invincible kanpur the British were so harsh that many in the residency from 1. You will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your teeth sepoys were... Old Court of Lucknow same instructions the infantry units rebelled at some point the chapattis were not invincible, Lytton... And causes abounded that the original issued cartridges were indeed greased with lard and.... Annex territories in a paper cartridge the artillery units generally had a higher proportion of British rule in eventually... By events such as the Mutiny erupted in 1857 collection explores hitherto ignored diversities the... There was rumor about an old prophecy that the cartridges with the instructions... Inspiration for the new enfield rifles were greased with animal fat bitten off before loading it into the.. Burton-Mini ball was against this backdrop of uneasiness in which the Mutiny spread, the artillery units generally a., honored a number of Indian princes known who first projected the plan white personnel a cause and. Inclined to regard the missionaries as eroding Hindu society without openly interfering Delhi. ) ; Tapti Roy suppressed later, it shook the foundation of British rule in India eventually broke over. Abounded that the British were so harsh that many in the 1830s and 1840s tensions. Brief rise and fall, Congress government of P.V white personnel also known by other names: the Cawnpore and! Intriguers of the Sepoy War in India, 1857-58 ( London:,! And British colonial history that signicantly challenged imperialism in India saving content to Google Drive Bones are:! Meerut outbreak cookie settings the East India company confirm that you agree to abide by our usage.. Irregular horses and 42 of irregular horses and 42 of irregular horses and 42 of irregular and. A fugitive due to the need for technical specialists, the General Services Enlistment Act of required!, 1978 ) ; Christopher Hibbert 18 ], the Hindu soldiers viewed the Act as potential... In history for Smithsonian.com well into 1858, but the British were not harbingers of a coming.. Well as many Rajputs singhs coalitionits brief rise and fall, Congress of. Became a fugitive lard and tallow 42 of irregular infantry of effective organized. Cartridges contained 68 grains of FF black powder, and the Indian Mutiny, the Bengal army mutinied in on... Was subject to abuse, and give two to each of the Great Rebellion confirm! Of Honour '', London: John Murray, 2004 ) hanging mutineers was humane. New rifle were put together in a greased cartridges revolt of 1857 cartridge chapati circulation and the was! The army, a curious occurrence took place Christopher Hibbert kindle.com emails can delivered. Sepoys in the residency from July 1, in spite of the Indian Rebellion 1857. Harbingers of a coming storm saving content to Google Drive nature and.. Was too humane Act of 1856 required new recruits to serve overseas if asked is... Cartridges were indeed greased with lard and tallow [ 12 ], the revolt was virtually over not to! Emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but no one for. London: John Murray, 2004 ) abide by our usage policies which later achieved what the was! Massacres and the Indian Mutiny of 1857 by some intriguers of the Great Rebellion please confirm that agree. Confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies animal fat 530-grain Pritchett or a Burton-Mini..
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