Agapius of Hierapolis (10th century historian) said Pilate committed suicide during the first year of Caligula's reign (37-38 AD). Updates? [229] While in some plays Pilate is opposed to the Jews and condemns them, in others he describes himself as a Jew or supports their wish to kill Christ. Judging by this story, his wife seems to have travelled with him. By other accounts, Pontius Pilate was sent into exile and committed suicide of his own accord. What sort of a ruler was he generally? . The inscription reads () (Pilato(u)), meaning "of Pilate". For other uses, see, High and late medieval and renaissance art, Later Christian tradition gives Pilate's wife the names Procula (, Pilate's title as governor, as attested on the Pilate stone, is ", Karen Cokayne, Experiencing Old Age in Ancient Rome, p.100, Roman Procurator coinage Pontius Pilate, List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources, https://library.brown.edu/iip/viewinscr/caes0043/, "Notorious Pontius Pilate Is the One Who Built Jerusalem Aqueduct, Study Finds", "Pontius Pilate's Scottish roots 'a joke', "Mystery of the '5,000-year-old' yew of Fortingall", "An Inscribed Copper-Alloy Finger Ring from Herodium Depicting a Krater", "Saint Pilate and the Conversion of Tiberius", "The Invention of Christian Tradition: "Apocrypha," Imperial Policy, and Anti-Jewish Propaganda", "Phrases and Expressions that originated in the Bible", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pontius_Pilate&oldid=1142261817, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Russian-language text, Articles containing Italian-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 12:07. Flavius Josephus. Cyclopedia of Biblical Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature. He connects this change to increased "anti-Judaism. [11][75] Josephus also mentioned Jesus's execution by Pilate at the request of prominent Jews (Antiquities of the Jews 18.3.3); the text was altered by Christian interpolation, but the reference to the execution is generally considered authentic. There are no known images of Pilate, but researchers have discovered a few artifacts associated with him. [50], The Gospel of Luke mentions in passing Galileans "whose blood Pilate had mingled with their sacrifices" (Luke 13:1). He is not here, for He has risen, just as He said. However, the body is surrounded by demons and storms, so that it is removed from the Tiber and instead cast into the Rhone, where the same thing happens. [30], Pilate was the fifth governor of the Roman province of Judaea, during the reign of the emperor Tiberius. His term of office was during the subsequent reign of Tiberius from 26-36 CE. [20] His praenomen (first name) is unknown;[21] his cognomen Pilatus might mean "skilled with the javelin (pilum)," but it could also refer to the pileus or Phrygian cap, possibly indicating that one of Pilate's ancestors was a freedman. The fate of Pontius Pilate after the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ is disputed among historians. We do not know where Pontius Pilate was born. [78] Demandt dismisses the notion that Pilate was involved. [189] Pilate's iconography as a seated Roman judge derives from depictions of the Roman emperor, causing him to take on various attributes of an emperor or king, including the raised seat and clothing. His position and his well-being depended on keeping the peace with those around him. [87] Bart Ehrman argues that the Gospel of Mark, the earliest one, shows the Jews and Pilate to be in agreement about executing Jesus (Mark 15:15), while the later gospels progressively reduce Pilate's culpability, culminating in Pilate allowing the Jews to crucify Jesus in John (John 19:16). Alexander Demandt suggests that the leader of this movement may have been Dositheos, a messiah-like figure among the Samaritans who was known to have been active around this time. Pontius Pilate served as the prefect of Judaea from 26 to 36 A.D. The fact that some Christians believed it is interesting at best. Herod Philip, uncle and first husband of Herodias, was not a ruler. [175], Several places in Western Europe have traditions associated with Pilate. [163] A similar narrative plays out in the Vindicta Salvatoris (8th century). [25] Like all but one other governor of Judaea, Pilate was of the equestrian order, a middle rank of the Roman nobility. Tertullian, the late, great 2nd-century Christian theologian and apologist was convinced of this as was the 4th century Saint . Flavius Josephus. [223], The image of Pilate condemning Jesus to death is commonly encountered today as the first scene of the Stations of the Cross, first found in Franciscan Catholic churches in the seventeenth century and found in almost all Catholic churches since the nineteenth century. Another tradition states that Pontius Pilate was born in Germany and was a bastard son of Tyrus, king of Mayence. In some cases, it is unclear if they may be referring to the same event,[54] and it is difficult to establish a chronology of events for Pilate's rule. Though he knew the charges against Jesus Christ were void of substance, because of his spineless politicism, he delivered the Son of God over to the rebellious Jews for crucifixion (see Mt. [139] Tibor Grll believes that this could be a reference to Pilate's actual records,[138] but other scholars argue that Justin has simply invented the records as a source on the assumption that they existed without ever having verified their existence. Cyclopedia of Biblical Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature. According to Josephus, Pilate's removal from office occurred because he violently suppressed an armed Samaritan movement at Mount Gerizim. [198], Despite being venerated as a saint by the Coptic and Ethiopian Churches, very few images of Pilate exist in these traditions from any time period. [94] This dates the end of Pilate's governorship to 36/37. [240] In the Wakefield plays, Pilate is portrayed as wickedly evil, describing himself as Satan's agent (mali actoris) while plotting Christ's torture so as to extract the most pain. [268] The 1959 film Ben-Hur shows Pilate (the Australian actor, Frank Thring, Jr.) presiding over a chariot race, in a scene that Ann Wroe says "seemed closely modeled on the Hitler footage of the 1936 Olympics," with Pilate bored and sneering. According to Josephus (Ant, XVIII, iv, 2) Pilate held office in Judea for 10 years. 5. The official residence of the procurators was the palace of Herod at Csarea; where there was a military force of about 3,000 soldiers. Pontius Pilate travelled constantly, keeping an eye of each area of Judea. According to the traditional account of his life, Pilate was a Roman equestrian (knight) of the Samnite clan of the Pontii (hence his name Pontius). [72][90] Warren Carter argues that Pilate is portrayed as skillful, competent, and manipulative of the crowd in Mark, Matthew, and John, only finding Jesus innocent and executing him under pressure in Luke. Perhaps the earliest apocryphal texts attributed to Pilate are denunciations of Christianity and of Jesus that claim to be Pilate's report on the crucifixion. Many of these incidents involve Pilate acting in ways that offended the religious sensibilities of the Jews. Pilate is typically represented in fourteen different scenes from his life;[200] however, more than half of all thirteenth-century representations of Pilate show the trial of Jesus. [63] It is unclear why the shields offended against Jewish law: it is likely that they contained an inscription referring to Tiberius as divi Augusti filius (son of divine Augustus). [116] At the turn of the 20th century, it was generally held to be fake, a forgery in support of a local legend that Pontius Pilate died in exile in Ameria. [251] One of Swiss writer Friedrich Drrenmatt's earliest stories ("Pilatus," 1949) portrays Pilate as aware that he is torturing God in the trial of Jesus. Eusebius, quoting from apocryphal accounts, said that Pilate suffered misfortune in the reign of Caligula (37 - 41 AD), was exiled to Gaul and eventually committed suicide in Vienne. Pontius Pilate knew that Jesus didn't deserve to die; he even declared Jesus's innocence during the trial. [144] Moreover, the text makes explicit that while Pilate washes his hands of guilt, neither the Jews nor Herod do so. Tradition adds that Pilate died in Vienne, France on the Rhone or on Mount Pilatus, Switzerland. It is in a class of documents called New Testament apocraphal writings. [156], Seven of the Pilate texts mention Pilate's fate after the crucifixion: in three, he becomes a very positive figure, while in four he is presented as diabolically evil. [247], The fifteenth century also sees Pilate as a character in plays based on legendary material: one, La Vengeance de Nostre-Seigneur, exists in two dramatic treatments focusing on the horrible fates that befell Christ's tormenters: it portrays Pilate being tied to a pillar, covered with oil and honey, and then slowly dismembered over 21 days; he is carefully tended to so that he does not die until the end. Yet, no judge could justly condemn a man he considered innocent. [19], On the basis of the many offenses that Pilate caused to the Judaean populace, some scholars find Pilate to have been a particularly bad governor. Why did Pilate give in to the pressure . [61], According to Philo's Embassy to Gaius (Embassy to Gaius 38), Pilate offended against Jewish law by bringing golden shields into Jerusalem, and placing them on Herod's Palace. His wife sends him word of a revelatory dream she has had about Jesus and urges him to have nothing to do with that innocent man (Matthew 27:19), and Pilate abdicates his responsibility to the emperor. Although in Latin, the name Pilate means, "skilled with the javelin." Pilate was unpopular with the Jewish population because he hung worship images of the emperor throughout Jerusalem and minted coins with the image of pagan symbols. Only the highest representative of the occupying powerthe Roman prefect over Judea, Pontius Pilatewielded that authority. 15:6-15; Lk. [102][103] Pilate's supposed suicide is also left unmentioned in Josephus, Philo, and Tacitus. The life of one man was worth avoiding a rebellion, resulting in the deaths of hundreds. [99], The church historian Eusebius (Church History 2.7.1), writing in the early fourth century, claims that "tradition relates that" Pilate committed suicide after he was recalled to Rome due to the disgrace he was in. Copyright Like The Master Ministries. Antiquities of the Jews 18.4.2. Tiberius died in Misenum on the 16th of March in 37, in his seventy-eighth year (Tacitus, Annals VI.50, VI.51). The message from Pilate's wife. According to one prominent post-war theory, Pilate's treatment of the Jews was motivated by antisemitism, but most modern historians do not believe this theory.[10]. [44] He also would have toured around the province in order to hear cases and administer justice. "[54], According to Josephus in his The Jewish War (2.9.2) and Antiquities of the Jews (18.3.1), Pilate offended the Jews by moving imperial standards with the image of Caesar into Jerusalem. While there he was charged with murdering someone and was sent to Pontus, which is on the southeastern border of the Black Sea. According to some, Pilate killed himself while in exile to Gallia. 1887, p. 199. [132], Positive traditions about Pilate are frequent in Eastern Christianity, particularly in Egypt and Ethiopia, whereas negative traditions predominate in Western and Byzantine Christianity. [207], The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries see fewer depictions of Pilate, although he generally appears in cycles of artwork on the passion. In later tradition, she becomes known as Procula (Latin: Procula) or Procla (Ancient Greek: ) and plays a role in various New Testament Apocrypha. Historical and traditional accounts of the life of Pontius Pilate Come, see the place where He was lying. Matthew 28:1-6(NASB). [89], Others have tried to explain Pilate's behavior in the Gospels as motivated by a change of circumstances from that shown in Josephus and Philo, usually presupposing a connection between Pilate's caution and the death of Sejanus. 1999, p. 14. Pilate is presented as a materialist pessimist who believes mankind will soon destroy itself, whereas Jesus offers a message of hope. [152] Another purports to be an angry reply by Tiberius, condemning Pilate for his role in Jesus' death, the Letter of Tiberius to Pilate. [149] Another claims that the records were made by Pilate himself, relying on reports made to him by Nicodemus and Joseph of Arimathea. Others suggest that he was executed during the reign of Emperor Nero. [254], Pilate features prominently in Russian author Mikhail Bulgakov's novel The Master and Margarita, which was written in the 1930s but only published in 1966, twenty six years after the author's death. [11] The most important sources are the Embassy to Gaius (after the year 41) by contemporary Jewish writer Philo of Alexandria,[12] the Jewish Wars (c.74) and Antiquities of the Jews (c.94) by the Jewish historian Josephus, as well as the four canonical Christian Gospels, Mark (composed between 6670), Luke (composed between 8590), Matthew (composed between 8590), and John (composed between 90110);[11] he is also mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles (composed between 8590) and by the First Epistle to Timothy (written in the second half of the 1st century). The Flying House, known in Japan as Tondera Hausu no Daibken (, Adventures of the Flying House), is a Christian anime television series produced by Tatsunoko Productions broadcast between April 1982 and March 1983 on TV Tokyo, and distributed by the Christian Broadcasting Network in the United States. Pilate was the first who brought those images to Jerusalem, and set them up there; which was done without the knowledge of the people, because it was done in the nighttime; but as soon as they knew it, they came in multitudes to Cesarea, and interceded with Pilate many days, that he would remove the images; and when he would not grant their requests, because it would tend to the injury of Caesar, while yet they persevered in their request, on the sixth day he ordered his soldiers to have their weapons privately, while he came and sat upon his judgment seat, which seat was so prepared in the open place of the city, that it concealed the army that lay ready to oppress them: and when the Jews petitioned him again, he gave a signal to the soldiers to encompass them round, and threatened that their punishment should be no less than immediate death, unless they would leave off disturbing him, and go their ways home. One tradition says that he was a member of the Pontii tribe and of Samnite nobility. [29] Although it is therefore likely Pilate served in the military, it is nevertheless not certain. Due to the Gospels' portrayal of Pilate as reluctant to execute Jesus, the Ethiopian Church believes that Pilate became a Christian and venerates him as both a martyr and a saint, a belief which is historically shared by the Coptic Church. Was Jesus resurrected on the same day Noah's ark rested on Mt. The New Testament gospel of Luke records that Pilate had heard about Jesus and His miracles before He was brought before Pilate. [169] The legend exists in many different versions and was extremely widespread in both Latin and the vernacular, and each version contains significant variation, often relating to local traditions.[170]. After questioning Jesus he knew that execution was not what he deserved. What happened to Pontius Pilate after the death of Christ? He was an officer of the Roman empire, serving as procurator, or prefect, of Judea, managing the. Pilate's Life "), John 19:5 (Ecce homo, "Behold the man! "[138] An earlier reference to Pilate's records of Jesus's trial is given by the Christian apologist Justin Martyr around 160. by the Russian painter Nikolai Ge, which was completed in 1890; the painting was banned from exhibition in Russia in part because the figure of Pilate was identified as representing the tsarist authorities. The sons of Herod the Great petitioned him to remove the shields, but Pilate refused. Now Herod was very glad when he saw Jesus; for he had wanted to see Him for a long time, because he had been hearing about Him and was hoping to see some sign performed by Him. The guards shook for fear of him and became like dead men. What Happened to Pontius Pilate? [145] The Gospel includes a scene in which the centurions who had been guarding Jesus' tomb report to Pilate that Jesus has been resurrected. They all had particular interests in Christ's position before the people at that time. And all the people answered and said, "His blood be on us and on our children" (Matthew 27:24-25). But the Jewish leaders did care. [187] In later images he is typically shown washing his hands of guilt in Jesus' presence. [255] Henry I. MacAdam describes it as "the 'cult classic' of Pilate-related fiction. Salome was the daughter of Herod Philip and Herodias. "), John 19:14 (Ecce rex vester, "Behold your king! He was then ordered back to Rome to stand trial for cruelty and oppression, particularly on the charge that he had executed men without proper trial. [201] Pilate also comes to be frequently depicted as present at the crucifixion, by the fifteenth century being a standard element of crucifixion artwork. . And that these things did happen, you can ascertain from the Acts of Pontius Pilate. Pontius Pilate's Wife. "[114], As governor, Pilate was responsible for minting coins in the province: he appears to have struck them in 29/30, 30/31, and 31/32, thus the fourth, fifth, and sixth years of his governorship. The Jewish historian Josephus, the philosopher Philo of Alexandria and the Gospel of Luke all mention incidents of tension and violence between the Jewish population and Pilate's administration. Pilate also stationed a guard of Roman solders at the tomb after a large stone was rolled into place at the opening to prevent anyone from taking the body (Matt. Paperback. The Modern Library. Overall he actually mostly unimportant. "[268] Bowie's Pilate speaks with a British accent, contrasting with the American accent of Jesus (Willem Dafoe). [285] Parts of the dialogue attributed to Pilate in the Gospel of John have become particularly famous sayings, especially quoted in the Latin version of the Vulgate. "[52] More information on the potential fate of Pontius Pilate can be gleaned from other sources. "[288] This, combined with the general lack of information on Pilate's long time in office, has resulted in a wide range of assessments by modern scholars. Pilate apparently found an way into such a high position through a referral from one of Emperor Tiberius' favorite administrators, a man named Sejanus, according to Encyclopedia Britannica. [43] He seems to have been free to govern the province as he wished, with intervention by the legate of Syria only coming at the end of his tenure, after the appointment of Lucius Vitellius to the post in 35. This resulted in a crowd of Jews surrounding Pilate's house in Caesarea for five days. [185] He is, however, entirely absent from the earliest Christian art; all images postdate the emperor Constantine and can be classified as early Byzantine art. [196], The eleventh century sees Pilate iconography spread from France and Germany to Great Britain and further into the eastern Mediterranean. Antipas was allotted Galilee and Peraea whilst Philip was . Pilate's times were very different from our own. According to some, Pilate killed himself while in exile to Gallia. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). What happened to Pontius Pilate after the death of the Lord Jesus Christ? 1. [220] The "most famous of nineteenth-century pictures"[221] of Pilate is What is truth? He was appointed prefect of Judaea through the intervention of Sejanus, a favourite of the Roman emperor Tiberius. [261] The German Catholic novelist Gertrud von Le Fort's Die Frau des Pilatus portrays Pilate's wife as converting to Christianity after attempting to save Jesus and assuming Pilate's guilt for herself; Pilate executes her as well. [166][167], Beginning in the eleventh century, more extensive legendary biographies of Pilate were written in Western Europe, adding details to information provided by the bible and apocrypha. The fate of Pontius Pilate after the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ is disputed among historians. After Sejanuss fall (31 ce), Pilate was exposed to sharper criticism from certain Jews, who may have capitalized on his vulnerability to obtain a legal death sentence on Jesus (John 19:12). The Samaritans were leading an expedition to Mount Gerizim to look for artifacts. [245] Not only does Pilate force Judas to betray Christ, he double-crosses him and refuses to take him on as a servant once Judas has done so. Both Daniel Schwartz and Alexander Demandt do not think this especially likely. [197] In many depictions he is no longer depicted washing his hands, or is depicted washing his hands but not in the presence of Jesus, or else he is depicted in passion scenes in which the Bible does not mention him. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Pontius Pilate[b] (Latin: Pontius Pilatus; Greek: , Pontios Pilatos) was the fifth governor of the Roman province of Judaea, serving under Emperor Tiberius from 26/27 to 36/37 AD. He was [the] Christ; and when Pilate, at the suggestion of the principal men amongst us, had condemned him to the cross, those that loved him at the first did not forsake him, for he appeared to them alive again the third day, as the divine prophets had foretold these and ten thousand other wonderful things concerning him; and the tribe of Christians, so named from him, are not extinct to this day.[6]. . [84] Yet other scholars, such as Brian McGing and Bond, have argued that there is no real discrepancy between Pilate's behavior in Josephus and Philo and that in the Gospels. After Jesus died on the cross, the gospels record that Pilate allowed several members of the Sanhedrin, Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodemus, to bury Jesus (Mark 15:43; John 3:1; 19:38-40). He washed his hands: "When Pilate saw that he could not prevail at all, but rather that a tumult was rising, he took water and washed his hands before the multitude, saying, "I am innocent of the blood of this just Person. [33] Other scholars have cast doubt on any link between Pilate and Sejanus. The daughter of Pontius Pilate, newly arrived in Judea, meets Judah ben Hillel, a Jewish zealot masquerading as one of Herod's guards. Nothing is known about what happened to him after this event. Pontius Pilate is one of the exceptions. His characterization in these plays varies greatly, from weak-willed and coerced into crucifying Jesus to being an evil person who demands Jesus's crucifixion. Archpriest Oleg Stenyayev. What happened to Pilate and Caiaphas? 12. [171] Howard Martin summarizes the general content of these legendary biographies as follows: a king who was skilled in astrology and named Atus lived in Mainz. [2] The Christian Pilate literature surrounding the Gospel of Nicodemus includes at least fifteen late antique and early medieval texts, called the "Pilate cycle", written and preserved in various languages and versions and dealing largely with Pontius Pilate. [269] Martin Winkler, however, argues that Ben-Hur provides a more nuanced and less condemnatory portrayal of Pilate and the Roman Empire than most American films of the period. Pilate died 39. Pontius Pilate's wife is the unnamed spouse of Pontius Pilate, who appears only once in the Gospel of Matthew, where she intercedes with Pilate on Jesus' behalf.It is uncertain whether Pilate was actually married, although it is likely. [69] She argues that "[i]t is not only possible but quite likely that Pilate's governorship contained many such brief outbreaks of trouble about which we know nothing. [83], The Gospels' portrayal of Pilate is "widely assumed" to diverge greatly from that found in Josephus and Philo,[84] as Pilate is portrayed as reluctant to execute Jesus and pressured to do so by the crowd and Jewish authorities. [133][134] Additionally, earlier Christian traditions portray Pilate more positively than later ones,[135] a change which Ann Wroe suggests reflects the fact that, following the legalization of Christianity in the Roman Empire by the Edict of Milan (312), it was no longer necessary to deflect criticism of Pilate (and by extension of the Roman Empire) for his role in Jesus's crucifixion onto the Jews. My name is pronounced "Pilate." It sounds the same as the name of the person who steers the boat or the ship - the pilot. By the 2nd century AD, the so-called "Acts of Pilate" document began to circulate among Christians. Scripture gives us no further information concerning Pilate, but Josephus, the Jewish historian records that Pilate, the Roman procurator of Judea succeeded Gratus. [216] In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Pilate was frequently dressed as an Arab, wearing a turban, long robes, and a long beard, given the same characteristics as the Jews. 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