[1] A weak, not clinically relevant effect has been highlighted on cycle length and hormonal status. Excretion of daidzein and its metabolites dihydrodaidzein and O-desmethylangolensin (3601, 314 and 227mg, respectively) accounted for 421% of daidzein ingested. DOI: 10.1017/jns.2022.15. The study involved a large number of couples seeking pregnancy. Concerns that the phytoestrogens (isoflavones) in soy may feminize men continue to be raised. Isoflavones also show effects that do not imply ER and ER involvement. SMART [Internet]. The significant inverse association between dietary isoflavone intake and live births (3% reduction, 95% CI 0, 7, P=005) was highlighted. This could be done by empirically monitoring ovulation to get a real information of menstrual phase, such as quantifying the urinary LH peak as a marker of ovulation, as done by Wu et al. These substances could play a role in the ovaries circulatory functions(Reference Oyawoye, Abdel Gadir and Garner50). The disease etiology is still debated but it seems to involve inflammatory mechanisms and oxidative stress(Reference Escobar-Morreale, Luque-Ramrez and Gonzlez65,Reference Showell, Mackenzie-Proctor and Jordan66) . The phytoestrogen actions of soy isoflavones may increase estrogen levels in the body and induce ovulation in women, thus, may speed up the process of pregnancy. However, in multiple regression analysis, this reduction seemed to be significantly associated with the intake of genistein and daidzein or their concentration in urine. Even if serum AMH concentrations appear as a useful tool for predicting female fertility, only one study from our selection used them(Reference Haudum, Lindheim and Ascani46). No changes were highlighted for DHEA, DHEAS, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) concentration or LH:FSH ratio. Find Best Western Hotels & Resorts nearby Sponsored. Phytoestrogens and breast cancer promoters or protectors? It is widely used in eastern traditional cuisine and it has recently diffused among self-conscious and vegetarian diets. Based on our literature search, we also identified two observational studies: a cross-sectional study published in 1997 by Nagata et al. Soy supplementation also appears to affect thyroid function in an inconsistent manner, as studies have shown both increases and decreases in the same parameters of thyroid activity. The procedure was carried out following the most recent PRISMA guidelines(Reference Liberati, Altman and Tetzlaff23). Among selected prospective cohort studies, in 2012 Jarrell and colleagues conducted an observational study of 323 Canadian women with late pregnancy (aged at least 35) followed from the second month of pregnancy until delivery(Reference Jarrell, Foster and Kinniburgh36). Soy isoflavones are generally considered safe .Numerous randomized controlled trials in menopausal women reported that side effects were not significantly different between soy isoflavone and placebo groups .Adverse events were generally mild and included gastrointestinal and musculoskeletal complaints .One systematic review of over 100 studies in patients with or at risk of breast cancer . Patients showed plasma androgens levels above or at the upper limit the normal range, at baseline. The beneficial efficacy of soy is often attributed to the presence of isoflavones, capable of mitigating the excesses of endogenous estrogens, through the competition with estrogen receptors or by the activation of receptors, in the presence of low levels of endogenous estrogens. However, soy intake did not correlate with cycle length (r: 012, P=045). However, the evaluation of ability to absorb and metabolise isoflavones was lacking in the present study. Review the D&B Business Directory at DandB.com to find more. The dietary intake of isoflavones did not appear to be associated with fertility in the two cohorts but some marginal evidence of amelioration of fertility was related to a higher intake of isoflavones among 30 years old individuals after age stratification (Fecundability Ratios: 112, 95% CI 994, 134 and 119, 95% CI 092, 155 in the two cohorts comparing 90th with <24th percentile). Conversely, the improvements in ovulation were seen only in two patients from the control group. Recently, the anti-Mllerian hormone (AMH) concentrations have proved to be a useful tool for predicting female fertility, especially because it is independent of the cycle phase(Reference Dewailly and Laven48). Smaoui, Slim Interest in soy is particularly driven by its possible beneficial effects on human health. A slight increase of approximately 1d (MD: 105, 95% CI 013, 197) was seen compared with the control, with no significant effects in the length of luteal and follicular phases. Soy consumption was not related to estradiol levels or endometrial thickness. The reduction of estradiol concentrations observed became statistical marginal (89%, P=006) when analysis was restricted to the clean dataset: data after exclusion of thirteen specimens collected too soon or too late after ovulation. After the soy intervention, the length of menstrual cycle marginally increased (from 28319 to 31851d, P=006). The concomitant treatment with soybean phytoestrogens significantly increased the implantation rate (254% v. 202%; P<005), the pregnancy rate (393% v. 209%; P<005) and the pregnancy-to-delivery rate (303% v. 162%; P<005) compared with placebo. Instead, in the cohort study by Filiberto and colleagues, 259 American women were followed for at least 2 menstrual cycles. The strength of these studies was the assessment of hormone levels based on the menstrual cycle phase. Isoflavones are plant-based compounds found almost exclusively in beans, like soybeans, that mimic the action of the hormone estrogen. Legumes, particularly soybeans, are the richest . However, even in the West, it is currently widely used, especially due to its versatility in plant-based products for health purposes and vegetarian diets (Reference Rizzo and Baroni 1).Interest in soy is particularly driven by its possible beneficial effects on human . Isoflavones in human plasma are usually low (04157nM) in individuals consuming low-isoflavone diets but in large soy-consumers, such as Asian people, isoflavone concentration can reach up to ~4M, with equol reaching up to ~40nM in low consumers and up to ~2M in large soy-consumers(Reference Morton, Arisaka and Miyake88). 2 highlights the main cellular mechanisms attributed to isoflavones. Furthermore, it should be considered that, as already discussed, many studies display several limitations including inadequate sampling of hormone concentrations during all phases of cycle, low number of participants and the lack of a placebo group. In this context, the evaluation of urine samples cannot be underestimated as a valuable tool for detection of the real bioavailability of isoflavones whose metabolisation requires the intervention of intestinal microbiota. Jamilian and colleagues in 2016 conducted another parallel clinical trial on seventy Iranian women with PCOS, using 50mg/d of soy isoflavones for a 1-month follow-up(Reference Jamilian and Asemi43). (Reference Filiberto, Mumford and Pollack37). The duration of menstrual cycle, especially in luteal phase, can also have a direct influence on the mammary gland proliferation, through a reduction in exposure of the epithelium to proliferative hormones. Many of its components show an antioxidant activity that can at least partially explain its effectiveness(Reference Rizzo9). In addition, non-English papers could have provided relevant data on the topic, especially those from countries with a more consistent history of soy consumption. The interaction between isoflavones and ER estrogen receptor results in a competitive effect which in turn blunts endogenous estrogens action(Reference Rosselli, Reinhart and Imthurn72), as suggested by estrogenic activity of biochanin A and genistein on BT-474 human breast cancer(Reference Zand, Jenkins and Diamandis73). For this reason, the clinical data were meta-ana The effects of phytoestrogen genistein on steroidogenesis and estrogen receptor expression in porcine granulosa cells of large follicles, Endocrine-disrupting chemicals as modulators of sex steroid synthesis, Amplification of HSD17B1 and ERBB2 in primary breast cancer, Utilization of oxygen and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate by human placental microsomes during aromatization of androstenedione, Genistein is an effective stimulator of sex hormone-binding globulin production in hepatocarcinoma human liver cancer cells and suppresses proliferation of these cells in culture, Xenoestrogen interaction with human sex hormone-binding globulin (hSHBG), Inhibition of tumor promoter-induced hydrogen peroxide formation in vitro and in vivo by genistein, Phytoestrogen concentrations in serum from Japanese men and women over forty years of age, Neither soyfoods nor isoflavones warrant classification as endocrine disruptors: a technical review of the observational and clinical data, Flowchart for studies selection. Despite adjustments for demographic, lifestyle, dietary factors, including ethnicity and other phytoestrogens, it would have been useful to check the dietary intake of isoflavones for equol-producers evaluation. Days Soy Isoflavones were taken: 2-6 Dosage on those days: 120mg Side effects: bad: hot flushes, headaches, disturbed sleep. Soya Isoflavones and Vitamins The Group for those Using, Abusing and thinking about taking over the counter items to boost fertility. Jacobsen and colleagues included 11688 American women aged 3050 years of age who participated in Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2)(Reference Jacobsen, Jaceldo-Siegl and Knutsen38). Furthermore, there was no evaluation of metabolic utilisation capacity of isoflavones and their absorption by measuring serum and urinary levels. One of the first research papers to look directly at soy and fertility outcomes was from the Adventist Health Study-2. In another prospective study, 471 healthy American women were followed for 12 months or until delivery without showing significant correlations between urinary isoflavones, quantified by HPLC-MS analysis, and fertility, defined with adjusted Cox Model using time-to-pregnancy assessment(Reference Mumford, Sundaram and Schisterman39), while lignan concentrations in urine were significantly associated with shorter time to pregnancy. Soy can contain numerous other phytochemicals such as saponins, phytosterols, phytic acid, non-isoflavone flavonoids, peptides, protease inhibitors and other bioactive substances. The deleterious effects of these compounds, as metabolites of clover isoflavones, were first documented in 1946 by Bennetts and co-workers studying New Zealand ewes expressing clover disease, an infertility syndrome ( Bennetts, Underwood, & Shier, 1946 ). Additional considerations regarding hormonal influences will be discussed in the next paragraph. 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