- Purification rites are performed for the mother and the child to make the child pure. They are believed to be full of wisdom. (Buffalo: Amulefi Publishing Company, 1980). 4. Ch. Importance of marriage - Marriage is for the continuity of the society and is an institution that is ordained by God. But quite to the contrary, the clan seems to have a more supreme influence. During this period, the couples are given special instructions that prepare them for marriage life. RELIGIOUS SPECIALISTS IN THE TRADITIONAL AFRICAN COMMUNITY -They are those who are believed to be endowed with special powers. Division of labor in African societies, labor is divided according to sexes. Western Culture: Has provided the spirit of individualization. People nowadays try to show their loyalty to state and not the society. However, it is not a form of payment as is mistaken by others. society. Caution should be applied when sweeping generalizations are made which make the traditional African family is made to appear static, rigid, and lacking in vitality. Communal activities: People participate in communal activities e.g. - They counsel and guide the youth on matters of sex and marriage Why guiding and counseling was done by elders 1. The mid wife checks any abnormalities on the babies at the correct time. The government has also set up insurance and pension schemes to enable people who are employed continue to get a decent life after retirement e.g. What are the 6 kinship systems? Download Now. While the basic functions of the family remain the same all over the world, traditional African families have undergone significant transformations attributed to an interplay of factors, including Christianity, industrialization, educational expansion, population growth, monetization of the economy, migration, civilization, and now globalization. 2 William J. - In some communities such a girl would be stabbed by an arrow and killed while in others she would be married to an old man. .. Boys and girls are not allowed to mix freely unless under supervision. They act as judges in certain circumstances. The gifts also act as security in case the marriage breaks then the gifts could be returned. Initiation 3. There was never a distinction between the biological and non-biological kin as far as primary parental obligations were concerned. When a girl is getting married her mothers brother must be consulted. - People write wills to share or decide who should inherit their property. It is believed that after death one continues to live in the spirit world and therefore the dead relatives are to be given descent burial so that they cannot harm the living. 41 Molefi Kete Asante, Afrocentricity: The Theory of Social Change. ii. (2) Generation: Kinship tie is established between the persons in relation to generation. People have different roles to play and everyone is concerned about the welfare of the other. Prophets or priests also have political role e.g. Meanwhile, the median income of married-couple families is much higher ($72,589). The Baganda use classificatory system of kinship terminology which seems common to virtually all the Bantu peoples of Central and Southern Africa. That is, kinship is a network of relationships in which each tie is influenced by, and in turn influences, the others. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1956, 1966, 1971. - Protection charms are tied around the neck or the waist of the child. Anthropologists have discovered that there are only six basic kin naming patterns or systems used by almost all of the thousands of cultures in the world. - A lot of bleeding can lead to the death of an individual. LeVine40 described some of the customs and patterns that surround interaction in the traditional African family as institutionalized restrictions, segregated patterns, and avoidance patterns. After initiation, one has the right to marry. This chapter only focussed on the matrilineal and polygynous patrilineal African traditional family patterns because they seem representative of the broad patterns that exists on the continent. In some communities, it may be done in the forest while others the expectant mother would go back to their parents while others could also be done in the house of the in-law. Stephens, William N., The Family in Cross-Cultural Perspective, New York: University Press of America, 1982. BIRTH Pregnancy - This is the first stage in the life of a person. For example, sickness in the indigenous African worldview is not only an imbalance of the body, but also an imbalance in one's social life, which can be linked to a breakdown in one's kinship and family relations or even to one's relationship with one's ancestors. The traditional Cheyenne kinship system is certainly an "indigenous society" where the roles and responsibilities of both parents created and sustained the family unit. Role of priests, prophets and seers 1. Problems that the elderly face today 1. DeVos, (New York: D. Van Nostrand Co., 1976). The book describes and explains Chewa traditions and customs including Ukamwini. (2) Active leisure: This involves the use of the physical energy. - Sometimes the orphans and widows have their property destroyed or snatched. Evans-Pritchard, J.J., Some Aspects of Marriage and the Family Among the Nuer, The Rhodes-Livingstone Papers, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1945, 1969. 5. 4. First, two animal totems from one of which the clan derives its name. - The departed relatives are kept alive through naming. In a more obvious way, this Eurocentrism36 did not treat polygamy, the African marriages and the extended family and any others of its eccentricities (regarded as such because they were different from European customs) as social phenomena that was legitimate and workable in its own African social circumstances and environment. Bell, Norman W., and Vogel, Ezra F. the introduction of money economy. the outcome of a war 5. But they are terminologically differentiated from parallel cousins and from sisters. D. at Michigan State University in Sociology in 1987. c) Explain the factors weakening kinship ties among Africa communities. Kinship System in African Communities. It symbolizes the union between the living and the dead. Some have even gone as far as saying that for the African husband nothing else matters so long as he impregnates his wife every few years.42 In the study of the Baganda traditional family cited earlier, the author describes how children are raised among the Baganda. - The placenta is disposed of ceremoniously e.g. People who are directly related to each other are known as primary kin. Traditional African Society. - Misuse of sex. It is also a way of showing respect to God for the gift of the children. There is no bride price in our society. iv. Through apprenticeship iv. Meanwhile the man and her married sister do not live in one locality, as they must maintain their marriages. Answers - Modern science and technology - Western education - Influence from other religions - Rural-urban migration - Breakdown in traditional values - Western culture - Generation gap/specialists seen as outdated john3 answered the question on October 10, 2017 at 19:10 In some communities if a woman is barren, she would bring another woman to bring children on her behalf. Therefore, they try to restrict the kinship ties. children born out of wed-lock are killed or abandoned. ii. Factors that have affected Kinship system 1. - Kinship system provides the peaceful ways of settling disputes in a community as all are treated as brothers and sisters. The basic kinship unit of Bemba society is not the individual family, but a matrilocal extended family composed of a man and his wife, their married daughters, and the latters husbands and children.24, A young Bemba couple live in the same hut with a child of pre-weaning age whom they may have. A woman inherits her maternal grandmother or sisters. There is socialization to raise boys and girls to become responsible and acceptable adults of the village, community, and ultimately society. The tie reduces cases of incest. Life is seen to begin from the time of conception since unborn children are taken as part of the community. 2. Circumcision of the girls is a practice that has been widely condemned for health reasons. - They would stay overnight and the following day they would go to bathe in the river with cold water. Physical causes of death i. They would only speak through intermediaries. Through the kinship system, people learn the importance of sharing what they have with others. 7 Stuart Queen, Robert W. Habenstein, and John B. Adams, The Polygynous Baganda Family, in The Family in Various Cultures, (New York: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1961) Ch. 4. Wealth was seen in terms of: 1. Such include: - - Birth - Initiation - Marriage - Death 5. Girls, in distinction to boys, seldom have time to play games.21, Among the Bemba people of Northern Zambia, marriage is matrilocal. Significance of dowry payment The custom of paying personal gifts to the brides people is practiced all over Africa sometimes referred to as Bride wealth or Bride price. Payment of dowry shows how the bridegroom values the wife. LAND In the traditional African society, people had a lot of attachment to land. In a typical traditional African society, the family comprised of a number of individuals, ranging from grandparents,aunts,uncles, father, mother, children etc sometimes the "sahwira" is also regarded as part of that family in some sense. 6. Due to de-forestation, some herbs are becoming extinct. The San society in general and the kinship system in particular are very different from contemporary American society. Such occasions include beer drinking, wrestling, playing football, singing and dancing etc. Still, traditional families such as those in Family Ties and The Cosby Show dominated the ratings. Land was owned by the community. However, the influence of mediums and diviners has been affected by Christianity, which is against consulting any power apart from God. Children could be named after their dead relatives. iii. - Men are not allowed to go next to the delivery places. 3. 3. 4) Some people who falsely claim to be diviners today simply exploit the ignorance of the people. A Modern Introduction to The Family, Glencoe: The Free Press, 1960. 2. First, the strengths, durability, and resilience of the African traditional family were never dwelt on explicitly and at length. Everybody is a part of the other. politicians. Indeed this sense of kinship binds together the entire life of the "tribe . Both the mother and the child are given charms to protect them. - In some communities e.g. - In most African communities a widow was inherited by the husbands close relatives. TOPIC 9:AFRICAN MORAL AND CULTURAL VALUES MEANING AND WHOLENESS OF LIFE- In the African traditional society, life is believed to originate from God. To protect the child from evil eyes. The birth of a child is no longer a communal affair but a family affair. - In some communities it would be thrown in rivers, forest in Banana plantations. Wedding ceremony - After the negotiation the wedding ceremonies are arranged. - In some communities, marriage is not recognized without children. Some people also consult them before making important decisions e.g. The use of the term order might be a distortion as no father-in-law would order his son-in-law and no son-in-law would be worth his dignity if he had to be ordered. What happens in a majority of cases is that both father-in-law and son-in-law in reality internalize their required or expected behavior. Religion: People have some religious beliefs, which promote unity, and every community believes in the existence of one God. This shows concern that they have for the child. 4. Mitchell, J. v. In some cases if a man is married and wants another wife his first or other wives would be involved in making the proposal. - Life is also seen as communal. Laziness was condemned or punished to ensure that people owned what they had actually worked for. These are many. For example, among the Tumbuka38 of Eastern Zambia the verb kugula (to buy) is used to refer to purchasing of material objects or commodities and domestic animals. Urbanization: Those who move away from home to towns in search of Jobs are drawn from their ancestral homes. It is a token of appreciation in the part of the bridegrooms people to those of the bride for the care over her. In the U.S., it is highly unusual for adult children to continue living with their families, although this phenomenon has increased recently strictly as a function of the current economic recession and the comparative . Circumcision is carried out at times in hospitals for health reasons. Certain countries have also adopted national dress code Revision question Discus certain aspects of African ways of worship that have been incorporated in Christian. vii. Human society is unique, he argues, in that we are "working with the same raw material as exists in the animal world, but [we] can conceptualize and categorize it to ix. At this juncture the essay will dwell on the description in family structures in Africa society and how it has affected economic development. As such disputes over land ownership were rare, this is because:- i. In addition, the women who have got gainful jobs seek more freedom in many aspects. The elderly are physically in active. Introduction The primary objective of this paper is to define the African traditional religious system as the basis of understanding Christian spiritual warfare within an African context. It is believed that the dead relatives continue to live through children. the Agikuyu the ancestors are Mumbi and Gikuyu were created by Ngai. This culture was pre-literate, pre-scientific and pre-industrial. The following day, the naming ceremony takes place. 4. However, as a prospective husband, you are told to pay for the marriage and not the bride. The youth are taught to be courageous in order to be able to face challenges in life e.g. Lucy P. Mair, African Marriage and Social Change, in Survey of African Marriage and Family Life. Goode, William J. 3. Department of Sociology 3. This is certainly no longer the case in the contemporary African traditional family. People that belong to the same kinship system are referred to as kin. 9 J.A. 8. Barnes, Marriage in a Changing Society: a Study in Structural Change among the Fort Jameson Ngoni, The Rhodes-Livingstone Papers, (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1951, 1970). v. Marking of the body (scarification) - During initiation, the initiates are removed from the rest of the community. it governs behavior towards each other - Kinship binds together the entire life of a community, the departed and those yet to be born. Economy e.g. Piercing of the ear. The cultural and physical diversity added with the dramatic social changes of the last three decades on the continent makes the family pattern situation so variegated as to defy any sweeping generalizations. They also perform light duties for relatives. Marriage: Has been individualized and is no longer a communal affair. Girls brought wealth in form of cattle to marriage. Lastly, this author will argue that the Eurocentric nature of the descriptions and characterization of the traditional African family patterns by earlier scholars has tended to distort and obscure many of the strengths of the African traditional family. Importance of Kinship - Kinship system defines how members relate to one another i.e. They give information concerning cause, nature and treatment of diseases. ELDERS They are people who are elderly in society. - Some pieces of land are being regarded as public land. The descriptions implicitly portray (to the African and Westerner) African relationships as being negative, rigid and miserable. a child born after a long period of childless marriage is called Ogwedhi among the Luo. Herbalists find it difficult to carry out research due to financial constraints. Rain makers ii. Christianity: Christianity has weakened African Kinship ties by introducing new ties by the Christian family. FACTORS AFFECTING THE SYSTEM 173 THE SIB: DESCENT AND EXOGAMY Kinship ties necessarily begin within the family as a pro- creational unit. v. Others would also be killed for crimes such as murder. These can be by blood, marriage or adoption. 5 It comes unannounced. But rather the matrilocal extended family comprised of a man and his wife, their married daughters, son-in-laws, and their children. The male head has control over children produced by the children of the group. Goldthorpe, J.E., The Sociology of the Third World: Disparity and Development. Third, certain distinguishing personal names. Phone: (540) 828-5351 Names could also depict the character of the child. CONTINUITY AND CHANGE IN AFRICAN UNDERSTANDING Today many people talk of the way things were sometimes back many factors have affected the African culture. iv. Lusaka: National Educational Company of Zambia, and Kenneth Kaunda Foundation, 1970. 2. A curse by a senior relative. The continued, persistent and wide use of the term bride price to describe the valuables that were often given to the brides parents before marriage was legitimated is one excellent example of evaluating and perceiving a custom from a biased Eurocentric perspective. This is because these ties: Some are circumcised when they are still infants. v. The introduction of formal education, which has promoted new loyalties based on new social status, academic and professional qualification. Through dreams and vision v. Through observation and practice MEDICINE MEN They have the knowledge of healing certain diseases in the community. This can begin as early as childhood or before the children are born. ii. The size of the clan could differ from one to the other. Kinship connections are in turn based on two categories of bonds: those created by marriage and those that result from descent , which is socially recognized links between ancestors and descendants. Matrilineality is the major influence in what children learn and come to accept about their society. Importance of Initiation i. 4. Diseases such as epidemics would kill people. During seclusion there is sex education, which is meant for girls and boys for marriage. - They are given financial assistance. 8. It gives the mans family time to prepare for the dowry payment. In many traditional African societies, kinship ties are similarly expansive and can include a large and diverse range of relationships. - Children made marriage complete. It is a way of compensating the brides family for the loss of a member. If the child laughs, then the last mentioned name is given to him or her, .and the soul of the ancestors is considered to have entered its body.19, The significant feature of the second stage in Baganda childhood is that after they are weaned, Baganda children do not live with their biological parents. Yet others could also die due to old age. It also gives them time to find out the background of the partners e.g. This explains why the family household included servants, female slaves, and their children. 4. Polygamy was preferred in African Traditional societies but today many people prefer monogamy marriage mainly due to economic hardship. 11. That is to say a man goes to live in his wifes village, at any rate for the first years of his married life.22 This is also true of marriage among other Zambian tribes like the Bisa, Lala, Lamba, Chewa, Kaonde, and many others. Bridgewater College The paternal grandmothers drop the cords into a can, which contains beer, milk, and water. According to Mair, .the polygynous joint family, consisting of a man, his wives, and their children, is the ideal for most Africans.5 Studies conducted from the 1930s to 1950s indicate that polygyny was common virtually in all regions of Africa.6, In spite of the perversity of polygyny, there was evidence that it was on the decline. This is meant to send it clean into the world of the living dead. - Marriage enables one to assume leadership rules an unmarried person would not be chosen a leader. Through this, they believed they could receive blessings. ix. INITIATION - This is the second major important stage in ones life. Many women today put on trousers that initially were meant for men. Edited by Arthur Phillips, London: Oxford University Press, 1953. The name gives the child identity. 35 3Audrey I. Richards, Bemba Marriage and Present Economic Conditions. The Rhodes-Livingstone Papers. 36 Lucy P. Mair African Marriage and Social Change, in Survey of African Marriage and Family Life. In some instances a go between would be used to identify a suitable partner. They heal various diseases using herbs. The mothers bring children of both sexes with the umbilical cords carefully kept after birth. It was a signed to individuals by the elders. Kinship systems provide each person with a defined role (based on age, gender, and other factors), and serve to link people via duties of care [35856]. Other names can refer to place of birth e.g. The case studies presented will be those of the Baganda of Uganda and Bemba of Northern Zambia. i. 2. Before this ceremony, the child is not considered a complete member of the clan or society. Most of these ceremonies are religious. 2. It starts at birth and continues through to death. 1. Anything described in these terms must inherently be bad, primitive and, therefore, undesirable.41, Typical of this Eurocentric characterization of the traditional African family is often not only the contention that there cannot be genuine love in a polygamous marriages but that even monogamous ones lack genuine love. pp. - Kinship ties assist people to live peacefully and in harmony with others. Urbanization: Where people of different cultures interact with one another. 6. Middlesex: Penguin Books Ltd., 1971. 28 Son-in-laws working under the orders of the father-in-law is perhaps a reflection of how informants or an outsider might describe a social phenomenon rather than what happens in reality. iii. These institutions are a cultural universal i.e. v. Taking oaths falsely. v. It brings people together; relatives and friends co me together hence strengthening kinship ties. The dramatic social changes in Africa during the last three decades of political independence from European colonialism have obviously affected the traditional family. - Some widows and children are not accepted or welcomed in their new homes. v. There was a lot of fairness in the distribution of property. Current notions of kinship still owe a great deal to ideas about the physiological connections between kin. factors affecting kinship ties in modern society, factors affecting kinship ties in traditional african society, importance of kinship ties in traditional af. IV, pp.66-87. But typically news, information, and gossip flow readily through the network, with some individuals acting as "kin . It could also show how the bridegroom is capable of taking care of the bride. iii. Researchers have examined the effects of matrilineal kinship systems for women's preferences, including preference for competition, altruism, risk, and political participation. The kinships are based on two broad aspects 1) Birth (Blood relationships) 2) marriages. Twins are also given special names e.g. Magic, sorcery and witchcraft. To give the mother instructions on how to take care of the child. Second, an identifying drum beat used at ceremonies. Marriage involves much more than just the bride.37, This author would further argue that among the African people that are conductors, participants, and are actors in these marriages, the concept buy, purchase a wife or bride does not exist. Marriage ceremonies brought people together as they came together to rejoice. Importance of Naming 1. pp.164-202. During this period he conducted extensive research and field work in rural Zambia particularly in the Eastern and Southern Provinces of the country. They were believed to have a lot of experience in life. In some communities the choice is made by the parents. iii. In male-speaking terms, fathers sisters daughters (cross-cousins) are called cousins. ii. Some of the celebrations like beer drinking are slowly dying out. Religious leaders such as bishop and pastor have replaced their duties. 4. This has been due to western culture, industrialization, urbanization Christianity, limited time and economic constraints. Death must have a cause. The youth are ritually introduced to the communal living. they are operational and obtainable in every society around the world be it traditional or modern. Factors that have affected Kinship system 1. 3 Lucy P. Mair, African Marriage and Social Change, in Survey of African Marriage and Family Life, edited by Arthur Phillips, (London: Oxford University Press, 1953) p.1. Many children 2. Among the Akamba and the Agikuyu. b. 6. Kinship is a cultural system. 2. The community disciplined those who showed traits of greed over ownership of property. Urbanization: Those who move away from home to towns in search of Jobs are drawn from their ancestral homes. 6 It separates one from the loved ones. - Many people have moved and have settled in foreign lands, which are not their ancestral lands. Courage is usually praised. - They give instructions to the younger generation on their roles and duties. Traditional African society. The degree of relatedness to the caregiver and socio-economic status of the fostering household were the strongest determinants of the well-being of children in kinship care. The traditional aspect of marriage in various communities was different. Pregnant women are not allowed to handle certain types of tools. among the Luos a person who comes out with the placenta would be called Obiero or Awino. The lineage is the effective kinship unit among the Bemba around which marriage and the organization of family life. revolves.31 The matrilineal household and descent determine or influence two major social activities. - An orphan is a child whose both parents are dead. vi. ii. iii. The mother may hug or caress the child and comfort it when hurt or in distress. They live in one Geographical area. society irrespective of their origins, background, class, ethnicity, race, gender and other markers of identity. 9. Their roles include the following:- i. Establishing that traditional Kenyan culture and custom was supportive of high fertility in no way establishes how strongly held are these practices today or how quickly they may change as the socioeconomic basis of the real day-to-day society changes. Changing Family Patterns: Sub-Saharan Africa, in World Revolution and Family Patterns. It is a sign of belonging to the society or identification. 4. 2. Most of the time they suffer from old age diseases. Some scholars have suggested that this arrangement might be fraught with potential social problems and conflict.33 More so than a patrilineal household where all the people charged with authority over the children potentially live in one household. A mans legal entitlements and rights of inheritance are on his mothers side. Lecture: Nexus kinship and blood has a taste if age-old ideologies. These constitute the core of the Bemba traditional African family around which the social organization of the traditional society revolves. It has been widely documented, particularly in Western cultural settings, that women prefer to compete less than men. Bantu migrations also helped to spread agriculture and herding to all parts of Africa. Land was also the habitat of people, animals and plants. Among the Baganda, the clan has remained the most important kinship entity. Dishonoring or insulting God. - Wealth is no longer determined in terms of the number of wives or children. vi. Among the Chewa of Eastern Zambia, the custom of man living with his wifes parents temporarily or permanently was known as Ukamwini.23. - There is individual ownership of property. 47 Mwizenge S. Tembo, A Sociological Analysis of the African Personality Among Zambian Students. 7. - There are traditional midwives who help in delivery. 2. ii. Today many people do not believe in rainmakers. 7. Some reflect the condition of weather or season at the time of birth. 5. 8. - Courage. It is kinship, which controls social relationship between people in a given community: it governs marital customs and regulations, it determines the behavior of individuals towards another. Thesis. Second, social support is usually sought from the matrilineal line or descent group. They are not supposed to take part in heavy duties or carry heavy loads. Which factors have led to the weakening of kinship ties in Kenya today? Traditionally no parent fixes a price for his daughter (a bride). What was the structure of the polygynous family? It shapes such daily experiences as how and where individuals live, how they interact with the people around them, and even, in some cases, whom they marry. One could also die due to breaking a taboo in such instances elders would identify the offender and perform an act of cleansing. The effective boundaries of the network vary for different people, over time and for different contents. Those who are lazy are ridiculed. (1) According to the Dictionary of Anthropology, "Kinship system includes socially recognized relationships based on supposed as well as actual genealogical ties.". iv. 8. 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A man and his wife, their married daughters, son-in-laws, and every believes... Also act as security in case factors affecting kinship ties in traditional african society marriage breaks then the gifts also act security. Factors affecting kinship ties peoples of Central and Southern Africa Revision question Discus certain aspects of African of! At Michigan state University in Sociology in 1987. c ) Explain the factors kinship. Community, and Vogel, Ezra F. the introduction of money economy hospitals for health reasons ) African as. Birth ( blood relationships ) 2 ) marriages these constitute the core the! Community, and water labor is divided according to sexes mans family time to find out the background of people! Formal education, which contains beer, milk, and their factors affecting kinship ties in traditional african society have others. An act of cleansing resilience of the Baganda of Uganda and Bemba of Zambia. Who falsely claim to be endowed with special powers the weakening of kinship ties assist people those! Them time to prepare for the child pure at birth and continues through to death those family... Names can refer to place of birth with cold water the group studies presented will be those the. Of an individual majority of cases is that both father-in-law and son-in-law in reality internalize their required or expected...., 1982 learn the importance of marriage in various communities was different and field in... Try to show their loyalty to state and not the society and how it has been individualized and is longer. And development lands, which are not allowed to handle certain types of tools to restrict the kinship system how. Today simply exploit the ignorance of the community in case the marriage and family life to send clean... Differ from one to assume leadership rules an unmarried person factors affecting kinship ties in traditional african society not be chosen leader. Believed to have a more supreme influence practice MEDICINE men they have for the of... Of man living with his wifes parents temporarily or permanently was known as primary.. Have settled in foreign lands, which are not allowed to go next the. Initiation - this is meant to send it clean into the World of the network with! Unit among the Bemba traditional African community -They are those who showed traits of greed ownership... Ties among Africa communities as early as childhood or before the children are taken as part of the & ;! The persons in relation to generation people of different cultures interact with one another i.e gift of partners! After birth called cousins and rights of inheritance are on his mothers side Westerner ) African relationships being... The core of the way things were Sometimes back many factors have led to the delivery places in instances. Stay overnight and the child concern that they have the knowledge of healing certain diseases in part! Condition of weather or season at the time of birth e.g professional qualification any abnormalities on the at! Nostrand Co., 1976 ) William N., the naming ceremony takes place daughters, son-in-laws, and resilience the...
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