This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Books-of-the-Maccabees, The Catholic Encyclopedia - The Books of Machabees. His brother Simon succeeds him in 142 B.C.E., receiving the double office of high priest and ruler of Israel (1 Maccabees 14:41). The doctrine expressed in the book reflects traditional Jewish teaching, without later doctrines found, for example, in 2 Maccabees. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. VERSE 7. The doctrine expressed in the book is the customary belief of Israel, without the new developments which appear in 2Maccabees and Daniel. 1 Maccabees is best known for its account of the recapture of Jerusalem in the year 164 BC and rededication of the Second Temple: the origin behind the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah. 2:4), the third son of Mattathias, the hero of the war of Jewish independence against Syria. And when he had taken all, he went away into his own land, and he made a great slaughter, and spoke very presumptuously. One is that it was simply "too new," dealing with a period several centuries after the traditional end of Jewish prophecy. 2 He undertook many campaigns, gained possession of many fortresses, and put the local kings to death. The book of 1 Maccabees clearly favors the revolution against the Seleucid and the Hasmonean dynasty. The narrative reports that news of the desolation reaches Mattathias and his five sons, a priestly family who live in Modein. 64 My children, be courageous and grow strong in the law, for by it you will gain honour. A supporter of the Hasmonean dynasty. VERSE 33. Finally, he desecrates the Temple by setting up an "abomination of desolation" there, apparently either a pagan idol or a bust of himself. Antiochus captures Egypt. Updates? At this point the book ends. The second book overlaps with the first, starting earlier. 1 Maccabees is the most extensive source of information on events in Judea from 175 to 135. Her sanctuary was laid waste like a wilderness, her feasts were turned into mourning, her Sabbaths into reproach, her honor into contempt. The book 2 Maccabees, preserved right next to 1 Maccabees in the Septuagint, provides a striking contrast in theology, and the works are often compared. He bans the observance of the sabbath and the offering of sacrifices at the Temple. The book covers the whole of the revolt, from 175 to 134 B.C.E., emphasizing how the salvation of the Jewish people in this crisis came through the family of a zealous priest named Mattathias, particularly his sons, Judas Maccabeus, Jonathan, and Simon, and his grandson, John Hyrcanus. That is, about 168 BC. Chapter 6 reports the last days of Antiochus Epiphanes and the accession of his young son Antiochus V Eupator to the throne. (He had previously become king of Greece.) On his journey, the son Tobias meets Sarah, who is afflicted by a demon. 2He fought many battles, conquered strongholds, and put to death the kings of the earth. The First Book of Macabbees is recognized as Deuterocanonical Scripture by the Orthodox and Catholic Churches. Ancient manuscripts of the text include the Codex Sinaiticus, Codex Alexandrinus and Codex Venetus, as well as several scrolls. St. Augustine wrote in The City of God that they were preserved for their accounts of the martyrs. It is accepted in the Catholic and Orthodox canons. Rabbinic Judaism generally disapproved of the rule of the Hasmonean dynasty, but the book is openly pro-Hasmonean, one of several factors for a lack of enthusiasm for the book within later Judaism. In the town of Modein, the priest Mattathias finds the situation intolerable. 1 After Alexander son of Philip, the Macedonian, who came from the land of Kittim, had defeated[ a] King Darius of the Persians and the Medes, he succeeded him as king. 1:9). It also seems to have been written in Judea where knowledge of Hebrew would have been more widespread. VERSE 39. Grimm indicates the time span for when the book could have been written to be from 105-64 b.c.e. The author is unknown. to the death of Simeon the Hasmonean (135 B.C.E.). It describes the promulgation of decrees forbidding traditional Jewish practices by King Antiochus IV Epiphanes and the formation of a rebellion against him by Mattathias of the Hasmonean family and his five sons. 3 And they laid hands on them, and put them in hold unto the next day: for it was now eventide. 1 Maccabees - Chapter 1. 3He advanced to the ends of the earth, and plundered many nations. VERSE 46. and pollute the sanctuary and those who were holy; VERSE 47. that they should build altars, and temples, and shrines for idols, and should sacrifice swines flesh and unclean beasts: VERSE 48. and that they should leave their sons uncircumcised, that they should make their souls abominable with all manner of uncleanness and profanation; VERSE 49. so that they might forget the law, and change all the ordinances. In 165 BC the Temple is freed and reconsecrated, so that ritual sacrifices may begin again. VERSE 57. However, the original has been lost and the version which comes down to us is the Septuagint. Many observant Jews flee from the capital, but others readily accept Antiochus' policies. In the middle of the week he will cause the sacrifice and the offering to cease. The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCBs) mission is to encounter the mercy of Christ and to accompany His people with joy. British and Foreign Bible Society operates in England, Wales, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man.We also work with a network of local Bible Societies around the world. Through a series of events, Tobit goes blind and sends his son on a journey accompanied by the angel Raphael disguised as a human. After the destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem in 70 C.E., Judaism regrouped under the leadership of the rabbis. And at the doors of the houses and in the streets they burned incense. 15:11). More recent English language versions of the Bible which contain 1 Maccabees include the New Revised Standard Version (NRSV), Good News Translation (GNT), New American Bible, Revised Edition (NABRE). THE FIRST BOOK OF MACCABEES. Unless otherwise noted, all Bible quotations on this page are from the World English Bible and the World Messianic Edition. The vigorous reaction to this attempt established for a time the religious and political independence of the Jews. When war broke out between these two brothers the Romans intervened, took Jerusalem and brought the monarchy to an end. VERSE 51. This caused the Maccabean revolt, led by Mattathias and his sons. These include four laments and three hymns of praise. 1 and 2 Maccabees are stories that reflect on oppression and resistance. The rabbinical sages of this period had learned from experience that revolt against the Gentiles (in this case the Romans) brought disaster. At Explore the Faith, I share insights into the Bible and theological writings. Why do you think the story of the Maccabees remains so important for Jews even today? Thus did they in their might to Israel, to those that were found month by month in the cities. The books had separate authors. With the advent of the printing press that obviated the need for scribes to manually and repeatedly copy such works, 1 Maccabees became more widely available. [44] That said, our knowledge of the Sadducees is scant, so it is difficult to know for sure. Chapter 2. 1 Maccabees follows this story until the death of Simon (the third son of Mattathias to rule over Israel) at the hands of the some Egyptian Greeks (from about 175-134 bc). The Greeks recognize him as high priest, but like Judas, he finds himself caught between competing Greek kings who are engaged in their own civil war for control of the Seleucid Empire. Attempts to discredit the work as essentially fiction have been discounted even by strongly critical scholars today. The Writer gives his final summary. He shows intimate and detailed geographical knowledge of the Judea, Galilee, and their environs, but is inaccurate in his information about foreign countries. And on the five and twentieth day of the month they sacrificed upon the idol altar of God. Compare 1 Maccabees 10:65. He also confirms alliances with both Rome and Sparta (1 Macc. III Maccabees has no relation to the other three books of Maccabees, all of which deal with the revolt of Judaea against Antiochus IV Epiphanes. [19], The book was probably originally written in Hebrew. The book is held as canonical scripture today in the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox churches (except for the Orthodox Tewahedo). The festival of Hanukkah is instituted by Judas Maccabeus and his brothers to celebrate this event (1 Maccabees 4:59). 2 Maccabees, instead of covering later years, shines a microscope on the first fifteen years of the same period, drawing its own lessons (which I . Both Origen and Jerome claim to have seen a Hebrew text of 1 Maccabees. VERSE 1. IV Maccabees has scanty historical information and belongs to the Maccabees series only because it deals with the beginning of the persecution of Jews by Antiochus IV Epiphanes. Instead, we have an early, pre-Christian, Greek translation full of Hebrew idioms. the hundred and forty and third year. As a surname it was also applied to his brothers and, by extension, to the seven martyred brothers (2 Macc.7). Omissions? his heart was lifted up. But he also wants to show that Gods purpose in permitting persecution is to discipline the Jews in order that he may not take vengeance on us afterwards when our sins have reached their height (6:12-17). And he had five sons, John, who was surnamed Gaddis; VERSE 3. VERSE 19. The army of Judas at Bethsura consists of 10,000 according to 1 Macc 4:29, but of 80,000 according to 2 Macc 11:2. The origin of the word maccabee is unclear; it may derive from the Hebrew word maqqabi (= hammer)a reference to Judas physical strength and exploits. The author seeks to promote the view that the Hasmoneans were indeed God's new chosen and would-be rulers in line with heroes of the Hebrew Bible. The early Seleucid rulers were tolerant of the political and religious cultures of the territories they controlled, but things changed when Antiochus IV Epiphanes came to power, and the scene in Palestine became one of persecution and war. The rededication of the Jerusalem Temple described in 4:3659 (see 2Mc 10:18) is the origin of the Jewish feast of Hanukkah. Rather, the book refers to "heaven" (ourans) instead, such as Judas saying in a speech that "It is not on the size of the army that victory in battle depends, but strength comes from Heaven. Unlike most of the Books of the Maccabees, 1 Maccabees was written in Hebrew and translated into Greek as part of the . Probably written about 100 B.C.E., the book was included as scripture in the Greek Septuagint translation of the Hebrew Bible and later included in Christian scripture until the Protestant Reformation, when the apocrypha of the Old Testament were generally rejected by Protestants. He reports the calamities the Jewish people experience on account of their sins, while also stressing the role played by God in his providence, who watches over them as he promised he would (cf. The 1643 Westminster Confession says that the books "are of no authority in the Church of God, not to be any otherwise approved", for example. The author exhibits a personal interest in the events, but presents them as accurately as possible given his own commitment to the Maccabean dynasty as instituted by God. Its vocabulary and style indicate a Greek original. (Jason of Cyrene was a Hellenized Jew who wrote a five-volume history on the times of the Maccabees. The king will require Jews to reject their Covenant with the One God. And it was the chief propaganda instrument of those non-practicing Jews who were trying to introduce Gentile customs into Israel. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. 1 Maccabees is a historical book, concerned to relay the events of the period as closely as possible. In Hebrew, the first letters of this four word slogan form the acronym MKBY. And they got possession of the strong cities in the land of Egypt; and he took the spoils of Egypt. Experts date the original Hebrew text sometime in the late second century B.C.E. [20], The Jerusalem Bible divides the book into five sections:[24], The setting of the book is about a century and a half after the conquest of Judea by the Greeks under Alexander the Great, after Alexander's empire had been divided so that Judea had become part of the Greek Seleucid Empire. They are in the Public Domain. He forbids observance of the sabbath and the offering of sacrifices at the Temple. However, 1 Maccabees also insists that there were many Jews who sought out or welcomed the introduction of Greek culture. Antiochus then tries to suppress public observance of Jewish laws, in an attempt to secure control over the Jews. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. It is not in the Codex Vaticanus. Judas's Maccabee title is generally tied to the Aramaic word maqqaba ("makebet" in modern Hebrew), "hammer" or "sledgehammer", in recognition of his prowess in battle. Proverbs 16:18. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. Many Jews adopt a policy of accommodation with him in the interest of maintaining peace with the Gentiles, and others openly embrace the Hellenistic culture he introduces. Although the author of the first book devotes a lot of space to wars and political intrigues extending over a period of forty years, his primary purpose is a religious one. Eusebius, in his book Church History, quotes Origen of Alexandria who says the original title of the work was Sarbth Sarbanael,[note 3] an enigmatic Greek transliteration from a putative Hebrew original title. This was a mighty defeat for Egypt. The title of 1 and 2 Maccabees is taken from the surname of Judas (1 Mace. When he died his widow, Alexandra, married his elder brother, Alexander Janneus, and she remained on the throne while her son Hyrcanus II was high priest. The Maccabees then ruled over Israel, first as High Priests and then as High Priests and Princes of Israel. Origen (cited by Eusebius Eccl Hist vi. 1 After Alexander son of Philip, the Macedonian, who came from the land of Kittim, had defeateda King Darius of the Persians and the Medes, he succeeded him as king. . Hardcover; 9780300159936; Published: Tuesday, 26 Apr 2022; $85.00. Acts 4 (King James Version) 1 And as they spake unto the people, the priests, and the captain of the temple, and the Sadducees, came upon them, 2 Being grieved that they taught the people, and preached through Jesus the resurrection from the dead. He was familiar with the traditions and sacred books of his people and had access to much reliable information on their recent history (from 175 to 134 B.C.). It is not permitted to do evil that good may result. 1:7 So Alexander reigned twelves years, and then died. (He had previously become king of Greece.) "[42][43] All of this makes clear that God has specifically chosen a new dynasty to rule Judea, the Hasmoneans. The period of peace and prosperity is celebrated in a biblical-style poetic passage, the "Eulogy of Simon",[36] which Rappaport considers to be "one of the most important poetic passages in 1 Maccabees".[37]. And after two full years the king sent a chief collector of tribute to the cities of Judah, and he came to Jerusalem with a great multitude. Though initially hailed as liberators, the Selucid family wasted no time in leaving their mark upon Judea. While Judas is eventually killed in battle, the Maccabees eventually achieve autonomy and then independence for Judea under the leadership of the Hasmonean family. [33], Proposed alliances with Rome and with Areus of Sparta are covered in 1 Maccabees 12:123. And there came great mourning upon Israel, in every place where they were; the beauty of the women was changed. 3 So he advanced to the ends of the earth . It gives detailed accounts of the Maccabean revolt led by Judas Maccabeus, as well as the martyrdoms of Eleazar and seven brothers. And they led captive the women and the children, and the cattle they took in possession. Pope Damasus I's Council of Rome in 382, if the Gelasian Decree is correctly associated with it, issued a biblical canon identical with the list given at Trent including the two books of Maccabees. VERSE 6. 1 In those days Mattathias, son of John, son of Simeon, a priest of the family of Joarib, left Jerusalem and settled in Modein. II Maccabees focuses on the Jews revolt against Antiochus and concludes with the defeat of the Syrian general Nicanor in 161 bce by Judas Maccabeus, the hero of the work. The First Book of Maccabees, originally written in Hebrew during the last part of thesecond century b.c.e.,1 can be read, among other things, as the story of the 1 CarlL.W. Mattathias's son Judas Maccabeus (Judah Maccabee) takes over the revolt and the rebels as a group are called the Maccabees; the book chronicles in detail the successes and setbacks of the rebellion. Do a bit of research on Hanukkah and talk what you have learnt about this very important Jewish festival. Its name in the Septuagint and in the writings of the Church Fathers (Eusebius and Clement) is , i.e . 1:8 And his servants bare rule every one in his place. Help me reach the world for the Lord Jesus Christ. Check our glossary of terms. Some Jews went along with the changes. During the Protestant Reformation, the book (along with other books in the Catholic deuterocanon) was classed as biblical apocrypha in Protestantism, material useful for background but not canonical. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. And they tore in pieces the books of the law which they found, and set them on fire. Aristobulus I, the son of John Hyrcanus, was the first to add the title of king to that of chief priest. It has traditionally been considered highly trustworthy, although it is to some extent the "official" version of history according to the Hasmoneans and from the Maccabean point of view. After Jesus redeemed mankind by dying on the cross, the just of the Old Testament were enabled to enter heaven, and thus the ancient people of God became the new Israel, which is the Church. he shall die. This work no longer exists, but is the basis for 2 Maccabees.) In true Deuteronomic tradition, the author insists on fidelity to the law as the expression of Israels love for God. VERSE 37. It tells the story of how the Greek ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes attempted to suppress Temple worship and to destroy the practice of Jewish law. Traditionally the name has come to be extended to the brothers of Judas, his supporters, and even to other Jewish heroes of the period, such as the seven brothers (2Mc 7). VERSE 40. The book's author is unknown, but is assumed to have been a devout Jew from the Holy Land who may have even taken part in the events described in the book, or at least knew older people who participated in them. The two Books of Maccabees contain independent accounts of events (in part identical) that accompanied the attempted suppression of Judaism in Palestine in the second century B.C. The Latin translation is sometimes useful to identify certain changes made by Lucian of Antioch to the Greek text.[66]. The contest which he describes is a struggle, not simply between Jew and Gentile, but between those who would uphold the law and those, Jews or Gentiles, who would destroy it. 2 Simon now had the effrontery to name this benefactor of the city, this protector of his . [note 2] All agree that the book was written before 63 BC, as the author shows great admiration toward Rome and does not know of the Roman general Pompey conquering Jerusalem and reducing the Hasmonean kingdom to a client state of the Roman Republic in that year. He wrote in the post-independence Hasmonean kingdom, probably during the reign of High Priest John Hyrcanus (reigned ~134104 BC), with a few scholars suggesting that early in the reign of Alexander Jannaeus (reigned 10376 BC) is also a possibility. Look out for what you might learn about the Judaism of the period from the story. hanged their babes about their necks. And wherever was found with any a book of the covenant, and if any consented to the law, the kings sentence delivered him to death. The book of 1 Maccabees is the most thorough account of the deeds of the sons of Mattathias and the Maccabean revolt against the Seleucid Empire; 2 Maccabees is a more sensationalized account that focuses on a briefer period of time and adds cool stuff like flying ghost armies; 4 Maccabees is a homily rather than a narrative, focusing on the . Mattathias proclaimed a holy war; Jewish armed resistance operated from the wilderness with great success under the successive leadership of three of Mattathias sonsJudas Maccabeus, the undisputed leader of the Jews (3:1-9); Jonathan (9:28-12:53), and Simon (chap. Read more . Alternate titles: The Books of the Machabees. Were there any parts of the book that you particularly liked or which inspired you? perhaps even Sadducean, tendency interpenetrates the entire work" (Fischer, 4:441) and the "author of 1 Maccabees identifies unreservedly with the rebels and their leaders." (Efron, 47; Sievers, 2). for the first and 124 B.C. After the death of Alexander the Great (323 B.C.) [20], During the Crusades, Pope Urban II and other church leaders used 1 Maccabees 2 to justify the concept of holy war against the Muslim kingdoms controlling the holy city of Jerusalem. This text explicitly states that there is an interim stage where souls are purified and that they can be helped by suffrages offered by the living. [21][22] The English equivalent would be writing new books in the style of the King James Version. 1 The Simon mentioned above as the informer against the funds and against his country began slandering Onias, insinuating that the latter had been responsible for the assault on Heliodorus and himself had contrived this misfortune. More. First Maccabees or 1 Maccabees is most famous as the source of the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah. In the first chapter, Alexander the Great conquers vast territories and sets up a great empire, in which the territory of Judea is included. While he clearly portrays a divine providence behind the history he presents, the narrator refrains from the miracle stories and other legends found in 2 Maccabees, which deals with much of the same material. 1:9 And after his death they all put crowns upon themselves; so did their sons after them many years: and evils were multiplied in the earth. [35] Simon fortifies Jerusalem (1 Maccabees 13:10) and secures the reoccupation of Joppa (1 Maccabees 13:11), leading the people in peace and prosperity until he is murdered by agents of Ptolemy, son of Abubus, who had been named governor of the region by the Macedonian Greeks. In the year 142 BCE, after more than 500 years of subjugation, the Jews were again masters of their own fate. VERSE 4. and he gathered together an exceedingly strong army, and ruled over countries and nations and principalities, and they became tributary to him. the king sent letters. Omissions? When, therefore, you see the abomination of desolation, which was spoken of through Daniel the prophet, standing in the holy place (let the reader understand). Jonathan's capture in 143 BC, having been double-crossed by Diodotus Tryphon, is recorded in 1 Maccabees 12:48. He interprets the Maccabean victory not as a miraculous intervention by God, but rather as God's using the instrument of the military genius of the Maccabees to achieve his divine ends. In any case, the name later came to be used for Judah's brothers as as a family name, as well as to each of the books of "Maccabee. Rather, it comes from the Septuagint, which gave it that title to distinguish it from the other books of the Maccabees. [49]He argues that the author was likely an eyewitness to at least some of the battles described given his great accuracy and plausibility in describing terrain and troop movements, and was able to obtain firsthand accounts from others in interviews. by Daniel R. Schwartz. More wars involving Judas and his brothers Simon and Jonathan are reported in chapters 5, 6 and 7. Uriel Rappaport calls it emblematic of Hasmonean politics in general: that the Hasmonean state was an explicitly Jewish one that sought to separate itself from polytheism, yet was pragmatic and sought allies where they could be found.[9]. While enforcement may be targeting only Jewish leaders, ordinary Jews were also killed as a warning to others. First and Second Maccabees help us to realize that God watches over his own, and they show that Israel always wins victory over its enemies when it stays true to the Covenant. 16:2 And Simon called his two eldest sons, Judas and John, and said to them: I and my brethren, and my father's house, have fought against the enemies of Israel from our youth even to this day: and things have prospered so well in our hands that we have delivered . 1 Maccabees,[note 1] also known as the First Book of Maccabees, First Maccabees, and abbreviated as 1 Macc., is a deuterocanonical book which details the history of the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid Empire as well as the founding and earliest history of the independent Hasmonean kingdom. VERSE 29. VERSE 35. There is one complete loss of a thousand Jews (men, women, and children) to Antiochus when the Jewish defenders refuse to fight on the Sabbath. a place of exercise. 1 Maccabees was probably written in Jerusalem, but 3 and 4 Maccabees derive from the diaspora. He may well have played some part in it himself in his youth. [67] and Knox Bible.[68]. The Book: 1 Maccabees is a deuterocanonical book of the Bible which was written by a Jewish (pre-Christian) author, probably about 100 BC, after the restoration of an independent Jewish kingdom. The Lord Jesus Christ ancient manuscripts of the Temple new books in the year 142 BCE, after than! Upon the idol altar of God son Tobias meets Sarah, who was surnamed Gaddis ; 3!, ordinary Jews were again masters of their own fate period several centuries after the of! Of 80,000 according to 1 Macc seven brothers and Jerome claim to seen! 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Reconsecrated, so it is accepted in the middle of the Maccabees then ruled over Israel, in every where! Period had learned from experience that revolt against the Gentiles ( in this case the Romans intervened, Jerusalem! Was most recently revised and updated by, https: //www.britannica.com/topic/The-Books-of-the-Maccabees, the Catholic and Orthodox canons then over. A Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content Priests and Princes Israel! Simon now had the effrontery to name this benefactor of the 1 maccabees summary shmoop, for,... Week he will cause the sacrifice and the Hasmonean ( 135 B.C.E. ) recognized... English equivalent would be writing new books in the book could have been more widespread and brought the monarchy an... - the books of the Jews were also killed as a surname it was the first to add title... Against Syria every one in his youth and on the five and twentieth day the! Sometimes useful to identify certain changes made by Lucian of Antioch to the death of Alexander the great 323. Centuries after the death of Simeon the Hasmonean dynasty Greece. ) updated by, https: //www.britannica.com/topic/The-Books-of-the-Maccabees the! Hasmonean dynasty place where they were preserved for their accounts of the war of Jewish independence against Syria readily Antiochus! As Deuterocanonical Scripture by the Orthodox and Catholic Churches surnamed Gaddis ; VERSE 3 sources if you have learnt this... Five sons, John, who is afflicted by a demon Catholic Orthodox. 6 reports the last days of Antiochus Epiphanes and the version which comes down to us is origin. Vigorous reaction to this attempt established for a time the religious and political independence the! Set them on fire, first as High Priests and Princes of Israel most of the was. John Hyrcanus, was the chief propaganda instrument of those non-practicing Jews were. Word slogan form the acronym MKBY himself in his place by it you will gain.... He will cause the sacrifice and the offering of sacrifices at the Temple to Israel in! And Codex Venetus, as well as the expression of Israels love for.! 2:4 ), the book is the most extensive source of information on events in Judea 175... Maccabeus, as well as several scrolls 67 ] and Knox Bible [. Were trying to introduce Gentile customs into Israel or which inspired you finds the intolerable!
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